Quintais agroecológicos: biodiversidade, manejo e qualidade do solo
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Data
2019-07-31
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
A agricultura familiar é reconhecidamente importante para a produção de alimentos. Nas unidades de produção da agricultura familiar, os quintais, são especialmente importantes. Alguns estudos buscam descrever a composição botânica, ciclo de nutrientes e componentes estruturais dos quintais, contudo, há poucos estudos sobre como relações e as interações ecológicas que neles ocorrem e deles com outros subsistemas na agricultura familiar. Além de alguns estudos relacionados ao manejo e qualidade dos solos, assim como os serviços ecossistêmicos que os mesmos conseguem. O objetivo da pesquisa no Capítulo I foi analisar a importância social, econômica e ambiental dos quintais familiares. Enquanto o capítulo II objetivou identificar e avaliar os fluxos de entrada e saída de produtos alimentares de quintais em agroecossistemas familiares, e o O objetivo no capítulo III foi avaliar a qualidade do solo de quintas de agricultores familiares. Realizou-se uma pesquisa em agroecossistemas familiares da Zona da Mata, mesorregião do sudeste do estado de Minas Gerais, nos municípios de Acaiaca, Divino, Espera Feliz, Simonésia e Viçosa. Esses (as) agricultores (as) são parceiros do Centro de Tecnologias Alternativas da Zona da Mata (CTA-ZM). Metodologias utilizadas participativas; análise de fluxos internos, de entradas e saídas e; análises químicas e física dos solos. No geral encontrei-se propriedades pequenas, menores que um módulo fiscal, com os quintais localizados no terraço fluvial ou no terço superior da encosta. A idade dos quintais varia de aproximadamente 40 anos. O manejo dos quintais é realizado pela mulher, mas com a cooperação dos demais membros da família. Não são utilizados agrotóxicos ou praticados queimadas nos quintais. UM principal fonte de adubação do solo é orgânica e o manejo da vegetação nativa é realizado principalmente com a capina manual e com a roçagem. Na primeira etapa da pesquisa, foi identificado nos quintais, 160 espécies diferentes de plantas. Essa grande a diversidade gerou uma renda de 2,88 a 15,03 intervalos mínimos por ano, aproximadamente o dobro por área da renda proveniente dos cafezais, sem considerar os custos (maiores nos cafezais). Em outros cinco agroecossistemas analisados foram identificados 187 produtos, sendo que 175 são produzidos em unidades familiares e desses, 136 fazem parte da agrobiodiversidade dos quintais. Os quintais desenvolvidos para a sustentabilidade dos agroecossistemas, pois são responsáveis pela maior parte da produção de alimentos para as famílias e para os animais. No manejo dos solos dos quintais, os insumos são provenientes da própria unidade de produção A ciclagem de nutrientes são favorecidos pelo manejo da biodiversidade de plantas, uso dos resíduos vegetais e animais. Os solos dos quintais (pomar e horta) e das pastagens, em cada agroecossistema estudado se encontra na mesma paisagem e sob as mesmas condições climáticas, contendo a maioria dos atributos físicos semelhantes. Os atributos produtos químicos indicaram melhor qualidade nos solos dos quintais em relação às pastagens. Com isso podemos afirmar que o manejo realizado pelos (as) agricultores (as) familiares é o responsável pela melhoria da qualidade dos solos dos quintais e pela promoção de diversos serviços ecossistêmicos relacionados ao solo. Os solos dos quintais se lembram, portanto, aos solos antropogênicos, pré-colombianas, denominados de “Terra Preta”, de reconhecida qualidade, formada através de práticas de gestão e manejo de diferentes fontes de matéria orgânica nos arredores de locais de habitação (quintais). Assim, os quintais podem ser considerados relíquias de sistemas tradicionais. Eles ainda podem ser considerados patrimônios culturais, pois são frutos da transmissão de saberes adquiridos a partir de relações aplicáveis pelos seres humanos, em especialmente as mulheres, com a natureza ao longo dos tempos. Portanto, os quintais podem conter os princípios para desenhar os sistemas agroecológicos sustentáveis da atualidade. A participação dos (as) agricultores (as) na pesquisa permitiu a troca de informações entre o conhecimento científico e a sabedoria popular e a possibilidade maior Aprendizado de todos (as). Palavras-chave: Agroecologia. Gênero. Biodiversidade. Ciclagem de nutrientes
The units of production of family agriculture, the homegardens, are especially important. Some studies seek to describe the botanical composition, nutrient cycling, and structural components of homegardens, however, there are few studies on the relationships and ecological interactions that occur within them and with other subsystems im family agriculture. There are few studies related to soil management and quality, as well as the ecosystem services they provide. The objective of the research mn chapter I was to analyze the social, economic and environmental importance of family homegardens. While chapter II aimed to identify and evaluate the inflow and outflow of food products from homegardens mm family agroecosystems, the objective mm chapter III was to evaluate the quality of the soil of homegardens of family farmers. The research was carned out in family agroecosystems of the Zona da Mata, a mesoregion in the southeast of the state of Minas Gerais, mn the municipalities of Acaiaca, Divino, Espera Feliz, Simonésia and Viçosa. These farmers are partners with the Center of Alternative Technologies of Zona da Mata (CTA-ZM). Participatory methodologies were used such as an analysis of Internal flows, inputs and outputs, as well as chemical and physical analyses of soils. In general, small properties, smaller than a fiscal module, were found with gardens located on the fluvial terrace or on the upper third of the slope. The age of homegardens ranged from one to about 40 years old. The management of the gardens 1s carried out by the woman, but with the cooperation of the other members of the family. No pesticides are used, nor 1s dead foliage being burned. The main source of soil fertilization 1s organic material and the management of spontaneous vegetation 1s mainly done with manual weeding. In the first stage of the research, 160 species of plants were identified mn the homegardens. This great diversity generated an income 2.88 to 15.03 times the yearly minimum wage, as well as roughly twice as much income per area than that from coffee plantations, without considering the input costs which are higher in coffee plantations. In five other agroecosystems analyzed, 187 products were identified, of which 175 are produced in family units and of these, 136 are part of the agrobiodiversity of homegardens. Homegardens have contributed to the sustainability of agroecosystems, as they account for the majority of food production for households and livestock. In the management of soils of the gardens, the inputs come from the production unit itself. Nutrient cycling is favored by the management of plant biodiversity, use of plant and animal waste. The soils of homegardens (orchards and vegetable gardens) and pastures mm each analyzed agroecosystem are m the same landscape and under the same climatic conditions, with similar physical attributes. The chemical attributes indicate better quality mn the homegarden soils m comparison to the pastures. With this, we affirm that the management carried out by the family farmers 1s responsible for improving the quality of the homegarden soils and promoting various ecosystem services related to the soil. The soils of the homegardens resemble the pre- Colombian anthropogenic soils called "Terra Preta”, of recognized quality, formed by different management practices and waste management of different sources of organic matter mm the surroundings of homes. Thus, backyards can be considered as relics of traditional systems. They can be considered as cultural heritage systems because they are the result of transmission of knowledge acquired from relationships established by human beings, especially women, with nature through the ages. Therefore, homegardens can contain the principles for designing today's sustamnable agro-ecological systems. The participation of farmers 1n the study allowed for an information exchange between scientific knowledge and popular knowledge, which allowed for greater learning for all. Keywords: Agroecology. Gender. Biodiversity. Nutrient cycling
The units of production of family agriculture, the homegardens, are especially important. Some studies seek to describe the botanical composition, nutrient cycling, and structural components of homegardens, however, there are few studies on the relationships and ecological interactions that occur within them and with other subsystems im family agriculture. There are few studies related to soil management and quality, as well as the ecosystem services they provide. The objective of the research mn chapter I was to analyze the social, economic and environmental importance of family homegardens. While chapter II aimed to identify and evaluate the inflow and outflow of food products from homegardens mm family agroecosystems, the objective mm chapter III was to evaluate the quality of the soil of homegardens of family farmers. The research was carned out in family agroecosystems of the Zona da Mata, a mesoregion in the southeast of the state of Minas Gerais, mn the municipalities of Acaiaca, Divino, Espera Feliz, Simonésia and Viçosa. These farmers are partners with the Center of Alternative Technologies of Zona da Mata (CTA-ZM). Participatory methodologies were used such as an analysis of Internal flows, inputs and outputs, as well as chemical and physical analyses of soils. In general, small properties, smaller than a fiscal module, were found with gardens located on the fluvial terrace or on the upper third of the slope. The age of homegardens ranged from one to about 40 years old. The management of the gardens 1s carried out by the woman, but with the cooperation of the other members of the family. No pesticides are used, nor 1s dead foliage being burned. The main source of soil fertilization 1s organic material and the management of spontaneous vegetation 1s mainly done with manual weeding. In the first stage of the research, 160 species of plants were identified mn the homegardens. This great diversity generated an income 2.88 to 15.03 times the yearly minimum wage, as well as roughly twice as much income per area than that from coffee plantations, without considering the input costs which are higher in coffee plantations. In five other agroecosystems analyzed, 187 products were identified, of which 175 are produced in family units and of these, 136 are part of the agrobiodiversity of homegardens. Homegardens have contributed to the sustainability of agroecosystems, as they account for the majority of food production for households and livestock. In the management of soils of the gardens, the inputs come from the production unit itself. Nutrient cycling is favored by the management of plant biodiversity, use of plant and animal waste. The soils of homegardens (orchards and vegetable gardens) and pastures mm each analyzed agroecosystem are m the same landscape and under the same climatic conditions, with similar physical attributes. The chemical attributes indicate better quality mn the homegarden soils m comparison to the pastures. With this, we affirm that the management carried out by the family farmers 1s responsible for improving the quality of the homegarden soils and promoting various ecosystem services related to the soil. The soils of the homegardens resemble the pre- Colombian anthropogenic soils called "Terra Preta”, of recognized quality, formed by different management practices and waste management of different sources of organic matter mm the surroundings of homes. Thus, backyards can be considered as relics of traditional systems. They can be considered as cultural heritage systems because they are the result of transmission of knowledge acquired from relationships established by human beings, especially women, with nature through the ages. Therefore, homegardens can contain the principles for designing today's sustamnable agro-ecological systems. The participation of farmers 1n the study allowed for an information exchange between scientific knowledge and popular knowledge, which allowed for greater learning for all. Keywords: Agroecology. Gender. Biodiversity. Nutrient cycling
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Agroecologia - Biodiversidade, Mulheres na agricultura, Ciclo mineral (Biogeoquímica)
Citação
OLIVEIRA, Rafael Monteiro de. Quintais agroecológicos: biodiversidade, manejo e qualidade do solo. 2019.98 f. Tese (Doutorado em Solos e Nutrição de Plantas) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2019.