Sojas transgênicas com duas e três toxinas Bt: resistência prévia e efeitos transgeracionais como condicionantes do manejo de Spodoptera frugiperda
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
Sistemas intensivos de cultivo de soja, milho e algodão na América do Sul têm alterado o status de praga de Spodoptera spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) em soja sob adoção em larga escala de certas cultivares transgênicas produzindo toxinas de Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Nesse cenário, S. frugiperda destaca-se pela sua tolerância e resistência a Bt e é preciso compreender o impacto da composição de toxinas Bt produzidas nos tecidos da planta, dos estágios de desenvolvimento do inseto e da planta e dos potenciais efeitos (trans)geracionais resultantes da interação desses fatores. Assim, este trabalho objetivou determinar: i) o impacto de sojas Bt com 0, 1, 2, ou 3 toxinas Bt sobre a comunidade de artrópodes do cultivo; ii) o efeito letal das sojas durante os estágios de crescimento das plantas contra S. frugiperda de diversos genótipos e ínstares larvais; e iii) os efeitos subletais, geracionais e transgeracionais decorrentes da exposição dos insetos às toxinas Bt das sojas. Os resultados de dois anos de cultivo indicaram que as sojas Bt afetaram seletivamente os lepidópteros, mas não se detectou efeito delas na densidade populacional de inimigos naturais de pragas ou em artrópodes detritívoros. Nos tecidos foliares das plantas, a cultivar com Cry1Ac + Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab2 foi a mais eficaz contra as lagartas neonatas, incluindo aquelas de populações resistentes a Bt Cry1 e Cry2, reduzindo o tempo médio de sobrevivência em até 74% e causando mortalidade >80% em 7 dias. As cultivares com Cry1Ac ou com Cry1Ac + Cry1F mostraram eficácia relativamente menor contra as lagartas. Observou-se queda significativa no índice de desempenho biótico na geração F1 das populações suscetível e resistente a Cry1 expostas às cultivares Bt na geração parental, indicando a presença de efeitos transgeracionais. A taxa intrínseca de crescimento populacional, estimada dos dados de desenvolvimento e fertilidade, apresentou valores negativos para essas populações, evidenciando efeitos subletais duradouros e transgeracionais. Esses resultados indicam que as sojas transgênicas Bt podem causar efeitos subletais que passam à geração seguinte e a soja com 3 toxinas Bt tem potencial para bom controle de S. frugiperda nos cultivos. Contudo, eles devem ser acompanhados e a adoção de programas de manejo integrado de pragas pode ser necessário para preservar a eficácia de controle de toxinas de Bt ativas contra as lagartas e o potencial produtivo nas culturas de soja, milho e algodão. Palavras-chave: lagarta-do-cartucho; Bacillus thuringiensis; toxinas Cry1 e Cry2; artropodofauna; efeitos letais; subletais.
Intensive cropping systems of soybean, maize, and cotton in South America have altered the pest status of Spodoptera spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in soybean fields, especially under the widespread adoption of transgenic cultivars expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins. In this scenario, Spodoptera frugiperda stands for its tolerance and resistance to Bt. It is therefore essential to understand the impact of the composition of Bt toxins produced in plant tissues, the stages of development of the insect and the plant and the potential (trans)generational effects resulting from the interaction of these factors. This study aimed to evaluate: (i) the impact of Bt soybean cultivars expressing 0,1, 2, or 3 Bt toxins on the arthropod community associated with the crop; (ii) the lethal effects of these cultivars during various plant growth stages against S. frugiperda from different genotypes e larval instars; e (iii) sublethal, generational, e transgenerational effects resulting from exposure to Bt toxins. The results of two years of cultivation indicated that Bt soybeans selectively affected lepidopterans, but no effect was detected on the population density of natural enemies of pests or on detritivorous arthropods. In plant leaf tissues, the cultivar producing Cry1Ac + Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab2 was the most effective against fall armyworm neonates, including those from populations resistant to Bt Cry1 and Cry2, reducing the mean survival time by up to 74% and causing mortality >80% in 7 days. Cultivars producing Cry1Ac or Cry1Ac + Cry1F showed relatively lower efficacy against the larvae. A significant decrease in the biotic performance index was observed in the F1 generation of Cry1-susceptible and resistant populations exposed to Bt cultivars in the parental generation, indicating the presence of transgenerational effects. Values of the intrinsic rate of population growth, estimated from developmental and fertility data, were negative for these populations, evidencing lasting and transgenerational sublethal effects. These results indicate that transgenic Bt soybeans can cause sublethal effects that pass on to the next generation, and soybean producing 3 Bt toxins (Cry1Ac + Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab2) has the potential for good control of S. frugiperda in soybean fields. However, they should be scouted, and adoption of integrated pest management programs may be needed to preserve the effectiveness of lepidopteran-active Bt toxins and the yield potential in soybean, corn and cotton crops. Keywords: fall armyworm; Bacillus thuringiensis; Cry1 and Cry2 toxins; arthropod fauna; lethal and sublethal effects.
Intensive cropping systems of soybean, maize, and cotton in South America have altered the pest status of Spodoptera spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in soybean fields, especially under the widespread adoption of transgenic cultivars expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins. In this scenario, Spodoptera frugiperda stands for its tolerance and resistance to Bt. It is therefore essential to understand the impact of the composition of Bt toxins produced in plant tissues, the stages of development of the insect and the plant and the potential (trans)generational effects resulting from the interaction of these factors. This study aimed to evaluate: (i) the impact of Bt soybean cultivars expressing 0,1, 2, or 3 Bt toxins on the arthropod community associated with the crop; (ii) the lethal effects of these cultivars during various plant growth stages against S. frugiperda from different genotypes e larval instars; e (iii) sublethal, generational, e transgenerational effects resulting from exposure to Bt toxins. The results of two years of cultivation indicated that Bt soybeans selectively affected lepidopterans, but no effect was detected on the population density of natural enemies of pests or on detritivorous arthropods. In plant leaf tissues, the cultivar producing Cry1Ac + Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab2 was the most effective against fall armyworm neonates, including those from populations resistant to Bt Cry1 and Cry2, reducing the mean survival time by up to 74% and causing mortality >80% in 7 days. Cultivars producing Cry1Ac or Cry1Ac + Cry1F showed relatively lower efficacy against the larvae. A significant decrease in the biotic performance index was observed in the F1 generation of Cry1-susceptible and resistant populations exposed to Bt cultivars in the parental generation, indicating the presence of transgenerational effects. Values of the intrinsic rate of population growth, estimated from developmental and fertility data, were negative for these populations, evidencing lasting and transgenerational sublethal effects. These results indicate that transgenic Bt soybeans can cause sublethal effects that pass on to the next generation, and soybean producing 3 Bt toxins (Cry1Ac + Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab2) has the potential for good control of S. frugiperda in soybean fields. However, they should be scouted, and adoption of integrated pest management programs may be needed to preserve the effectiveness of lepidopteran-active Bt toxins and the yield potential in soybean, corn and cotton crops. Keywords: fall armyworm; Bacillus thuringiensis; Cry1 and Cry2 toxins; arthropod fauna; lethal and sublethal effects.
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MORAES, João Gabriel Tardin de. Sojas transgênicas com duas e três toxinas Bt: resistência prévia e efeitos transgeracionais como condicionantes do manejo de Spodoptera frugiperda. 2025. 89 f. Tese (Doutorado em Entomologia) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2025.
