Incêndios florestais no Brasil e efeito do fogo em comunidades de formigas e em estrutura de vegetação lenhosa do bioma Cerrado
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
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Incêndios florestais ameaçam áreas protegidas, como Unidades de Conservação (UCs) federais, muitas delas situadas em zonas de conflito pelo uso da terra. O comportamento do fogo varia entre regiões, tornando essencial conhecer as características locais para orientar ações eficazes. Alguns ecossistemas, como o Cerrado, dependem do fogo, mas sua vegetação inclui paisagens savânicas, florestais e campestres, nas quais o fogo pode alterar a estrutura do habitat, a flora e a fauna. Este trabalho reúne três artigos, publicados após a defesa, que avaliaram as causas de incêndios florestais, a estação normal do fogo em UCs e os efeitos do fogo em comunidades de formigas e em estrutura arbórea de formações savânicas e florestais do Cerrado. O primeiro avaliou as causas de incêndios florestais em UCs federais brasileiras no período de 2006 a 2012, o período de maior ocorrência de incêndios no país e os estados com maiores ocorrências de incêndios. Os eventos de causas “Desconhecidas” foram os mais frequentes, com média de 120,14, e estatisticamente diferente dos demais. As causas “Incendiários” e “Queima para Limpeza” apresentaram o mesmo número de eventos, com média de 64,29, se diferindo das demais. Minas Gerais foi o estado com o maior número de ocorrências. O número de incêndios foi maior de julho a outubro com média de 50,61 eventos, sendo considerado o período de estação normal de fogo. O segundo avaliou a influência do fogo em comunidade de formigas nas formações savânicas e florestais do Cerrado. O trabalho foi realizado na UC Reserva Natural Serra do Tombador (RNST) em Goiás após um evento de incêndio que atingiu a área. Foram instaladas 40 armadilhas do tipo pitfall nas formações, subdivididas em áreas queimadas e áreas não queimadas: Floresta Queimada (FQ) e Não Queimada (FNQ) e Cerrado Queimado (CQ) e Não Queimado (CNQ). O episódio de fogo não apontou diferença na abundância na formação florestal, diferente dos tratamentos na formação savânica, que apresentou maior abundância de formigas no CQ. Os resultados demonstram maior diversidade e distribuição na formação savânica atingida pelo fogo, diferente da formação florestal, demonstrando que o fogo pode impactar negativamente na diversidade de gêneros na fitofisionomia florestal. O terceiro avaliou a influência do fogo na estrutura de componentes arbóreos em formações savânicas e florestais do Cerrado. O trabalho foi realizado na mesma RNST, onde foram lançadas 28 parcelas em três níveis de inclusão (N1, N2 e N3), distribuídas nas formações savânicas e florestais com constituição arbórea. A formação savânica não atingida pelo fogo foi superior em indivíduos, família e espécies comparado à atingida. No Nível 1 de inclusão, o CNQ apresentou densidade (DA) de 537,5000 ind/ha, área basal (DoA) de 4,2553 m²/ha e volume (Vol) de 1,0797 m³/ha. Já o CQ apresentou valores inferiores de densidade (53,49% inferior), dominância (27,25%) e volume (34,43%). No Nível 2, o CNQ apresentou DA 85,85% e DoA 88,99% superior à área queimada. No Nível 3, o CQ obteve DA 76.92% inferior e DoA, 84,81% inferior. O índice de diversidade do CQ foi inferior ao CNQ em todos os níveis. A similaridade total e por nível da área queimada com a não queimada da formação savânica foi baixa, sendo similaridade 0,00 no Nível 3. Na FNQ foi superior em número de indivíduos, família e espécies à FQ. No Nível 1, o FNQ apresentou DA de 909,3750 ind/ha, DoA de 18,0939m²/ha e volume de 19,8342m³/ha. Os valores foram pouco inferiores na área atingida pelo fogo, com DA 12,71%, DoA 1,85% e Vol 3,27% inferiores. No nível 2, a FNQ apresentou 70,30% de DA e 62,85% de DoA superior a FQ. No Nível 3, a FNQ apresentou DA 89.58% e DoA 83,40% superior. A diversidade da formação florestal foi superior à formação atingida pelo fogo em todos os níveis. Houve similaridade entre FQ e FNQ na área total (0,60) e no nível 1 de inclusão (0,59), porém a similaridade decresceu com a diminuição do nível de inclusão. Palavras-chave: ecologia do fogo; impactos ambientais; manejo preventivo do fogo
Fire behavior varies among protected areas such as federal Conservation Units (CUs), making an understanding of local characteristics crucial for effective action. The Cerrado biome depends on fire, and its vegetation includes savanna, forest, and grassland landscapes. This work brings together three articles, published after the defense, that evaluated the causes of forest fires, the normal fire season in CUs, and the effects of fire on ant communities in the Cerrado. The first evaluated the causes of forest fires in Brazilian federal CUs from 2006 to 2012, the period of greatest fire occurrence in the country, and the states with the highest incidence of fires. The "unknown" causes were the most frequent, with an average of 120.14, and statistically different from the others. The causes "Arson" and "Burning for Deforestation" presented the same number of occurrences, with an average of 64.29, differing from the others. Minas Gerais was the state with the highest number of occurrences. The number of fires was higher from July to October, with an average of 50.61 occurrences, considered the normal period for wildfires. The second study evaluated the influence of fire on ant communities in Cerrado formations. The work was carried out in the Serra do Tombador Natural Reserve (RNST), in Goiás, after a fire that affected the area. Forty pitfall traps were installed in the formations, subdivided into burned and unburned areas: Burned Forest (FF) and Unburned Forest (NBF), and Burned Cerrado (BC) and Unburned Cerrado (UCC). The fire episode did not show a difference in abundance in the forest formation, unlike the treatments in the Cerrado formation, which showed a greater abundance of ants in the area affected by the fire. The results demonstrate greater diversity and distribution in the savanna formation affected by fire, unlike the forest formation, showing that fire can negatively impact species diversity in the forest physiognomy. The third study evaluated the influence of fire on the structure of tree components in savanna and forest formations of the Cerrado. The work was carried out in the same RNST, where 28 plots were installed at three inclusion levels (N1, N2, and N3), distributed in savanna and forest formations with tree composition. The savanna formation unaffected by fire showed superiority in individuals, families, and species compared to the affected one. At Inclusion Level 1, the CNQ presented a density (DA) of 537,500 individuals/ha, basal area (DoA) of 4.2553 m²/ha, and volume (Vol) of 1.0797 m³/ha. On the other hand, the burned area (CQ) presented lower values for density (53.49% lower), dominance (27.25%), and volume (34.43%). At Level 2, the unburned area (CNQ) showed a diversity index (DA) 85.85% higher and a dominance index (DoA) 88.99% higher than the burned area. At Level 3, the burned area (CQ) showed a DA 76.92% lower and a DoA 84.81% lower. The diversity index of the CQ was lower than that of the CNQ at all levels. The total and specific similarity by level of the burned area with the unburned area of the savanna formation was low, with a similarity of 0.00 at Level 3. The unburned area (FNQ) was superior to the burned area (FQ) in number of individuals, families, and species. At Level 1, the FNQ presented an individual density (DI) of 909.3750 individuals/ha, a coverage area (AC) of 18.0939 m²/ha, and a volume of 19.8342 m³/ha. These values were slightly lower in the area affected by fire, with DI 12.71% lower, AC 1.85% lower, and Vol 3.27% lower. At Level 2, FNQ showed DI 70.30% higher and AC 62.85% higher than FQ. At Level 3, FNQ showed DI 89.58% higher and AC 83.40% higher. The diversity of the forest formation was greater than that of the formation affected by fire at all levels. There was similarity between FQ and FNQ in the total area (0.60) and at inclusion level 1 (0.59). However, the similarity decreased with the reduction in the inclusion level. Keywords: fire ecology; environmental impacts; preventive fire management
Fire behavior varies among protected areas such as federal Conservation Units (CUs), making an understanding of local characteristics crucial for effective action. The Cerrado biome depends on fire, and its vegetation includes savanna, forest, and grassland landscapes. This work brings together three articles, published after the defense, that evaluated the causes of forest fires, the normal fire season in CUs, and the effects of fire on ant communities in the Cerrado. The first evaluated the causes of forest fires in Brazilian federal CUs from 2006 to 2012, the period of greatest fire occurrence in the country, and the states with the highest incidence of fires. The "unknown" causes were the most frequent, with an average of 120.14, and statistically different from the others. The causes "Arson" and "Burning for Deforestation" presented the same number of occurrences, with an average of 64.29, differing from the others. Minas Gerais was the state with the highest number of occurrences. The number of fires was higher from July to October, with an average of 50.61 occurrences, considered the normal period for wildfires. The second study evaluated the influence of fire on ant communities in Cerrado formations. The work was carried out in the Serra do Tombador Natural Reserve (RNST), in Goiás, after a fire that affected the area. Forty pitfall traps were installed in the formations, subdivided into burned and unburned areas: Burned Forest (FF) and Unburned Forest (NBF), and Burned Cerrado (BC) and Unburned Cerrado (UCC). The fire episode did not show a difference in abundance in the forest formation, unlike the treatments in the Cerrado formation, which showed a greater abundance of ants in the area affected by the fire. The results demonstrate greater diversity and distribution in the savanna formation affected by fire, unlike the forest formation, showing that fire can negatively impact species diversity in the forest physiognomy. The third study evaluated the influence of fire on the structure of tree components in savanna and forest formations of the Cerrado. The work was carried out in the same RNST, where 28 plots were installed at three inclusion levels (N1, N2, and N3), distributed in savanna and forest formations with tree composition. The savanna formation unaffected by fire showed superiority in individuals, families, and species compared to the affected one. At Inclusion Level 1, the CNQ presented a density (DA) of 537,500 individuals/ha, basal area (DoA) of 4.2553 m²/ha, and volume (Vol) of 1.0797 m³/ha. On the other hand, the burned area (CQ) presented lower values for density (53.49% lower), dominance (27.25%), and volume (34.43%). At Level 2, the unburned area (CNQ) showed a diversity index (DA) 85.85% higher and a dominance index (DoA) 88.99% higher than the burned area. At Level 3, the burned area (CQ) showed a DA 76.92% lower and a DoA 84.81% lower. The diversity index of the CQ was lower than that of the CNQ at all levels. The total and specific similarity by level of the burned area with the unburned area of the savanna formation was low, with a similarity of 0.00 at Level 3. The unburned area (FNQ) was superior to the burned area (FQ) in number of individuals, families, and species. At Level 1, the FNQ presented an individual density (DI) of 909.3750 individuals/ha, a coverage area (AC) of 18.0939 m²/ha, and a volume of 19.8342 m³/ha. These values were slightly lower in the area affected by fire, with DI 12.71% lower, AC 1.85% lower, and Vol 3.27% lower. At Level 2, FNQ showed DI 70.30% higher and AC 62.85% higher than FQ. At Level 3, FNQ showed DI 89.58% higher and AC 83.40% higher. The diversity of the forest formation was greater than that of the formation affected by fire at all levels. There was similarity between FQ and FNQ in the total area (0.60) and at inclusion level 1 (0.59). However, the similarity decreased with the reduction in the inclusion level. Keywords: fire ecology; environmental impacts; preventive fire management
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COSTA, Aline das Graças. Incêndios florestais no Brasil e efeito do fogo em comunidades de formigas e em estrutura de vegetação lenhosa do bioma cerrado. 2019. 72 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência Florestal) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2019.
