A calagem afeta fatores morfofisiológicos determinantes para o aumento da produtividade da soja em solo ácido do Cerrado
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
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O pH do solo é uma das propriedades químicas mais importantes e limitantes para o desenvolvimento de culturas agrícolas no mundo. No Brasil, cerca de 75% das áreas potencialmente agricultáveis são assoladas por problemas relacionados à acidez do solo (pH < 5,5). O baixo pH implica diretamente em diversos processos do solo, como menor atividade microbiana, redução da fertilidade e aumento na solubilização de metais pesados. Para corrigir a acidez do solo e aumentar a produtividade, é comum o uso da calagem. A soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) é considerada uma das leguminosas mais importantes para a segurança alimentar global, com áreas de cultivo em constante expansão no Cerrado brasileiro, região caracterizada predominantemente por solos ácidos e de baixa fertilidade. Embora a calagem seja uma prática de manejo bem-sucedida, ainda há lacunas na compreensão sobre a modulação de parâmetros fisiológicos das plantas, especialmente da soja, e de que forma isso se reflete em ganhos produtivos. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar os parâmetros morfofisiológicos e metabólicos durante os estágios vegetativo e reprodutivo de G. max cultivada em solo sem e com correção da acidez, bem como os impactos sobre a produtividade. As plantas foram cultivadas em casa de vegetação em vasos com solo de Cerrado submetidos à calagem (L) e sem calagem (NL). Foram realizadas análises morfofisiológicas e metabólicas nos estágios V3 e R5, além de avaliações de produtividade e qualidade dos grãos no estágio R8. A calagem alterou as propriedades químicas do solo, elevando o pH e a concentração de macro e micronutrientes e reduziu a concentração de Al. Plantas L obtiveram melhores parâmetros morfológicos e maiores acúmulos de nutrientes essenciais, resultando em maior crescimento. Já os ápices radiculares mostraram maiores danos externos nas plantas do tratamento NL. As concentrações de clorofila b, carotenoides e a taxa de fotossíntese líquida foram menores nas plantas L; contudo, a transferência de energia e a eficiência do PSII foram superiores no estágio reprodutivo. A calagem também influenciou o metabolismo de carboidratos, promovendo aumento nos teores de frutose no tratamento L. A acidez modulou o status redox principalmente nas raízes de soja submetidas à calagem, com maiores atividades de SOD e POX, além de redução na peroxidação lipídica e na produção de H2O2. O tratamento L ainda elevou a produtividade e o teor de proteínas nos grãos. A Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA) evidenciou maior contribuição das variáveis de macronutrientes, NPQ, frutose e massa seca, para a parte aérea e, massa seca, P, K, Ca, Fe, Al e SOD para as raízes das plantas do tratamento L no estágio vegetativo. Já no reprodutivo, houve maior contribuição do Mg, ETR e ?PSII e produtividade para a parte aérea, enquanto a nodulação e atividade da SOD foram correlacionadas positivamente com as raízes nesse mesmo tratamento. Em conclusão, a calagem promoveu melhorias fenotípicas nos órgãos vegetativos e maior qualidade nutricional, desencadeando respostas metabólicas e enzimáticas mais eficientes e, por fim, levando a maior produção de grãos e proteínas. Palavras-chave: acidez; calagem; Glycine max; latossolo; produtividade
Soil pH is one of the most important and limiting chemical properties for the development of agricultural crops worldwide. In Brazil, about 75% of potentially arable land is affected by problems related to soil acidity (pH < 5.5). Low pH directly impacts several soil processes, such as reduced microbial activity, decreased fertility, and increased solubilization of heavy metals. To correct soil acidity and improve productivity, liming is commonly applied. Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is considered one of the most important legumes for global food security, with cultivation areas continuously expanding in the Brazilian Cerrado, a region predominantly characterized by acidic and low-fertility soils. Although liming is a well- established management practice, there are still gaps in understanding how it modulates plant physiological parameters, especially in soybean, and how this translates into yield gains. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate morphophysiological and metabolic parameters during the vegetative and reproductive stages of G. max grown in soil with and without acidity correction, as well as the impacts on yield. Plants were cultivated in a greenhouse in pots with Cerrado soil subjected to liming (L) and without liming (NL). Morphophysiological and metabolic analyses were performed at the V3 and R5 stages, and yield and grain quality were assessed at the R8 stage. Liming altered soil chemical properties, increasing pH and macro- and micronutrient concentrations while reducing Al content. L plants exhibited better morphological traits and greater accumulation of essential nutrients, resulting in enhanced growth. Root apices showed more severe external damage in NL plants. Chlorophyll b concentration, carotenoid content, and net photosynthetic rate were lower in L plants; however, energy transfer and PSII efficiency were higher at the reproductive stage. Liming also influenced carbohydrate metabolism, promoting an increase in fructose content in the L treatment. Soil acidity modulated the redox status mainly in soybean roots under liming, with higher SOD and POX activities, along with reduced lipid peroxidation and H2O2 production. The L treatment also increased yield and protein content in grains. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed greater contributions of macronutrients, NPQ, fructose, and shoot dry mass, as well as root dry mass, P, K, Ca, Fe, Al, and SOD activity in L plants during the vegetative stage. In the reproductive stage, Mg, ETR, ?PSII, and yield contributed more to the shoots, while nodulation and SOD activity were positively correlated with the roots in the same treatment. In conclusion, liming promoted phenotypic improvements in vegetative organs and enhanced nutritional quality, triggering more efficient metabolic and enzymatic responses and ultimately leading to higher grain and protein production. Keywords: acidity; liming; Glycine max; oxisol; productivity
Soil pH is one of the most important and limiting chemical properties for the development of agricultural crops worldwide. In Brazil, about 75% of potentially arable land is affected by problems related to soil acidity (pH < 5.5). Low pH directly impacts several soil processes, such as reduced microbial activity, decreased fertility, and increased solubilization of heavy metals. To correct soil acidity and improve productivity, liming is commonly applied. Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is considered one of the most important legumes for global food security, with cultivation areas continuously expanding in the Brazilian Cerrado, a region predominantly characterized by acidic and low-fertility soils. Although liming is a well- established management practice, there are still gaps in understanding how it modulates plant physiological parameters, especially in soybean, and how this translates into yield gains. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate morphophysiological and metabolic parameters during the vegetative and reproductive stages of G. max grown in soil with and without acidity correction, as well as the impacts on yield. Plants were cultivated in a greenhouse in pots with Cerrado soil subjected to liming (L) and without liming (NL). Morphophysiological and metabolic analyses were performed at the V3 and R5 stages, and yield and grain quality were assessed at the R8 stage. Liming altered soil chemical properties, increasing pH and macro- and micronutrient concentrations while reducing Al content. L plants exhibited better morphological traits and greater accumulation of essential nutrients, resulting in enhanced growth. Root apices showed more severe external damage in NL plants. Chlorophyll b concentration, carotenoid content, and net photosynthetic rate were lower in L plants; however, energy transfer and PSII efficiency were higher at the reproductive stage. Liming also influenced carbohydrate metabolism, promoting an increase in fructose content in the L treatment. Soil acidity modulated the redox status mainly in soybean roots under liming, with higher SOD and POX activities, along with reduced lipid peroxidation and H2O2 production. The L treatment also increased yield and protein content in grains. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed greater contributions of macronutrients, NPQ, fructose, and shoot dry mass, as well as root dry mass, P, K, Ca, Fe, Al, and SOD activity in L plants during the vegetative stage. In the reproductive stage, Mg, ETR, ?PSII, and yield contributed more to the shoots, while nodulation and SOD activity were positively correlated with the roots in the same treatment. In conclusion, liming promoted phenotypic improvements in vegetative organs and enhanced nutritional quality, triggering more efficient metabolic and enzymatic responses and ultimately leading to higher grain and protein production. Keywords: acidity; liming; Glycine max; oxisol; productivity
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LOPES, Gisele Gomes Parnaiba. A calagem afeta fatores morfofisiológicos determinantes para o aumento da produtividade da soja em solo ácido do Cerrado. 2025. 56 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Fisiologia Vegetal) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2026.
