Validação do diagnóstico de enfermagem dor aguda em pacientes não comunicativos
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Universidade Estadual de Campinas
Abstract
A dor em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) é fenômeno complexo e pode estar
associada à clínica do paciente, a procedimentos terapêuticos e diagnósticos,
levando a alterações da mecânica respiratória, aumento da demanda cardíaca,
espasmos, rigidez e contrações musculares. O enfermeiro pode avaliar a dor e
nomear o diagnóstico de enfermagem (DE) Dor Aguda (00132), proposto pela
NANDA-Internacional, mas é fundamental que os DE sejam revisados e avaliados
em diferentes populações para utilização de termos padronizados e validados. Este
estudo teve como objetivo validar o DE Dor Aguda entre pacientes não
comunicativos. O método constou de duas etapas: 1. análise de conteúdo por 49
juízes, após revisão integrativa para definição conceitual e operacional das 17
características definidoras (CD) e definição conceitual dos três fatores relacionados
(FR) do DE. Os juízes foram classificados segundo critérios de experiência clínica,
ensino e pesquisa na área e avaliaram o conteúdo utilizando uma escala Likert
considerando cada CD e FR entre 1-nada característico e 5-muito característico do
diagnóstico para a população específica; 2. validação clínica e análise de medidas
de acurácia, em estudo observacional, longitudinal com avaliações repetidas, com
pacientes criticamente enfermos maiores de 18 anos, de ambos os sexos, que
possuíam algum tipo de impedimento à comunicação verbal, internados nas
unidades durante o período de coleta de dados e que estavam sob ventilação
mecânica invasiva. Foram excluídos os pacientes capazes de utilizar comunicação
verbal ou outros métodos de comunicação e aqueles em situações que pudessem
comprometer
a
expressão
comportamental
de
dor,
além
daqueles
que
apresentassem algum impedimento à mudança de decúbito. O cálculo do tamanho
amostral foi de 91 pacientes. Na análise dos juízes foi aplicado o teste binomial após
recodificação da escala Likert, com proporção de concordância entre os juízes maior
ou igual a 85%. Na validação clínica foi utilizada sensibilidade, especificidade e valor
preditivo positivo e negativo para identificar as CD com melhor poder de predição do
DE. Participaram 53 juízes, a maioria com titulação máxima de mestrado ou
doutorado, com tempo de formação médio de 15,07 anos e tempo de experiência
em UTI de 10,13 anos. Foram validadas, com significância estatística, as CD
comportamento expressivo, diaforese, evidência de dor usando lista para pessoas
incapazes de comunicação verbal, expressão facial de dor e relato de outra pessoa
sobre comportamento da dor. Não foram validadas aquelas direcionadas ao
autorrelato e interação com o ambiente. O título, a definição do diagnóstico, as
demais CD e fatores relacionados apresentaram p-valor >0,05 e concordância >85%
foram consideradas como validadas para a população. Na validação clínica foram
examinados 108 pacientes que recebiam excesso de sedação e pouca analgesia,
segundo guidelines. Foram validadas as CD Expressão fácil e Evidência de dor
usando lista para pessoas incapazes de comunicação verbal. Espera-se que este
trabalho possa evidenciar aos enfermeiros as CD apresentadas pelos pacientes não
comunicativos, que subsidiarão a indicação do DE Dor Aguda, favorecendo o
estabelecimento de intervenções e correta avaliação da evolução do paciente no
tratamento proposto. Além disso, serão submetidas à NANDA-I sugestões de
refinamento dos componentes do DE.
Pain in Intensive Care Units (ICU) is a complex phenomenon that can be associated to the patient’s clinical condition and to therapeutic and diagnostic procedures, leading to changes in respiratory mechanics, increase in cardiac demand, spasms, rigidity and muscular contractions. Nurse can evaluate pain and propose a Nursing Diagnosis (ND) of Acute Pain (00132), according to NANDA-International, but it is fundamental that ND be revised and evaluated in different populations for use in standardized and validated terms. The aim was to validate the ND Acute Pain for unable to communicate patients. The method consisted of two stages: 1. Content analysis by 49 experts, after integrative revision for developing a conceptual and operational definition of 17 defining characteristics (DC) and conceptional definition of the three related factors (RF) of the studied ND. The experts were classified following criteria related to clinical experience, teaching and research in the area. They classified, using a Likert scale each DC and RF from 1 – not distinctive to 5 – very distinctive to the specific patients; 2. Clinical validation and analysis of accuracy measures, in an observational and longitudinal study with repeated evaluation of critically ill patients over 18, both sexes, with some kind of verbal communication limitation, admitted to the healthcare units during the data collection period and who were under invasive mechanical ventilation. Who were excluded patients able of using verbal communication or other methods of communications and those in situations that would be able to compromise the behavioural expression of pain, as were those with an limitation to repositioning. The sample was calculated to be 91 patients. In the experts analysis, the binomial test was used after the recoding of the Likert scale, with agreement ≥85%. Sensibility, specificity and positive and negative predictive values were used in the clinical validation in order to identify the DCs with a greater prediction rate to confirm the ND. The 53 experts presented the following perfil: Master’s or PhD level, with 15.07 years average academic training and 10.13 years ICU experience participated. The DC Expressive behaviour, Diaphoresis, Evidence of pain using a standardized pain behavioural checklist for those unable to communicate verbally, Facial expression of pain and Proxy report of pain behaviour/activity changes, were validated with statistical significance. Those related to self-report and interaction with the environment were not validated. The title, the diagnosis definition and the rest of the DC and related factors present a p-value>0.05 and agreement>85% were considered validated for the population. In clinical validation were examined 108 patients who appeared to be very sedated and received little pain-relief. The DC Facial expression and Evidence of pain using a standardized pain behavioural checklist for those unable to communicate verbally were validated. It is expected that this research can show to nurses the DC presented by patients unable to communicate by themselves wich will support the ND Acute Pain, the establishment of intervention as well as the correct evaluation of the patient on the proposed treatment. Moreover, suggestions for improvement of this ND will be submitted to NANDA-I.
Pain in Intensive Care Units (ICU) is a complex phenomenon that can be associated to the patient’s clinical condition and to therapeutic and diagnostic procedures, leading to changes in respiratory mechanics, increase in cardiac demand, spasms, rigidity and muscular contractions. Nurse can evaluate pain and propose a Nursing Diagnosis (ND) of Acute Pain (00132), according to NANDA-International, but it is fundamental that ND be revised and evaluated in different populations for use in standardized and validated terms. The aim was to validate the ND Acute Pain for unable to communicate patients. The method consisted of two stages: 1. Content analysis by 49 experts, after integrative revision for developing a conceptual and operational definition of 17 defining characteristics (DC) and conceptional definition of the three related factors (RF) of the studied ND. The experts were classified following criteria related to clinical experience, teaching and research in the area. They classified, using a Likert scale each DC and RF from 1 – not distinctive to 5 – very distinctive to the specific patients; 2. Clinical validation and analysis of accuracy measures, in an observational and longitudinal study with repeated evaluation of critically ill patients over 18, both sexes, with some kind of verbal communication limitation, admitted to the healthcare units during the data collection period and who were under invasive mechanical ventilation. Who were excluded patients able of using verbal communication or other methods of communications and those in situations that would be able to compromise the behavioural expression of pain, as were those with an limitation to repositioning. The sample was calculated to be 91 patients. In the experts analysis, the binomial test was used after the recoding of the Likert scale, with agreement ≥85%. Sensibility, specificity and positive and negative predictive values were used in the clinical validation in order to identify the DCs with a greater prediction rate to confirm the ND. The 53 experts presented the following perfil: Master’s or PhD level, with 15.07 years average academic training and 10.13 years ICU experience participated. The DC Expressive behaviour, Diaphoresis, Evidence of pain using a standardized pain behavioural checklist for those unable to communicate verbally, Facial expression of pain and Proxy report of pain behaviour/activity changes, were validated with statistical significance. Those related to self-report and interaction with the environment were not validated. The title, the diagnosis definition and the rest of the DC and related factors present a p-value>0.05 and agreement>85% were considered validated for the population. In clinical validation were examined 108 patients who appeared to be very sedated and received little pain-relief. The DC Facial expression and Evidence of pain using a standardized pain behavioural checklist for those unable to communicate verbally were validated. It is expected that this research can show to nurses the DC presented by patients unable to communicate by themselves wich will support the ND Acute Pain, the establishment of intervention as well as the correct evaluation of the patient on the proposed treatment. Moreover, suggestions for improvement of this ND will be submitted to NANDA-I.
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Citation
CORREIA, Marisa Dibbern Lopes. Validação do diagnóstico de enfermagem dor aguda em pacientes não comunicativos. 2019. 180 f.Tese (Doutorado em Ciências da Saúde) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas. 2019.
