Aplicação tecnológica e biológica de alimentos de fontes vegetais subutilizadas
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
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A produção sustentável de espécies vegetais convencionais e a valorização de culturas subutilizadas contribuem para a sustentabilidade dos sistemas alimentares e a conservação da biodiversidade. Alimentos vegetais alternativos destacam-se pelo conteúdo de compostos bioativos em espécies convencionais, como manjericão e castanha de caju, e em culturas subutilizadas, como folhas de moringa e amêndoa de baru. Assim, este trabalho, dividido em dois artigos científicos, teve como objetivo caracterizar e avaliar o potencial de aplicação da castanha de caju, do manjericão, da amêndoa de baru e das folhas de moringa, por meio do desenvolvimento de um molho pesto alternativo e da avaliação dos efeitos biológicos de blends formulados com suas farinhas. No primeiro artigo, foi desenvolvido e avaliado o potencial tecnológico e sensorial de quatro formulações de molho pesto: manjericão com castanha de caju (B/CN), manjericão com amêndoa de baru (B/BA) e duas versões com substituição de 50% do manjericão por folha de moringa, combinadas com castanha de caju (BM/CN) ou amêndoa de baru (BM/BA). A análise de cor revelou que o BM/CN tinha um tom verde mais pronunciado. Tanto o BM/CN quanto o BM/BA apresentaram níveis de compostos fenólicos totais e capacidade antioxidante semelhantes à amostra B/CN, enquanto o BM/BA continha a maior concentração de tanino condensado (113,28 mg equivalente a catequina/100 g). Os principais compostos voláteis identificados, 1,8-cineol e linalol, foram consistentes em todas as formulações, garantindo o aroma característico de manjericão. A avaliação sensorial indicou que todas as formulações, incluindo aquelas com folhas de moringa e amêndoas de baru, foram classificadas como "boa aceitação", sem diferença na aceitabilidade em relação ao pesto tradicional (p > 0,05). Também não houve diferenças na percepção do aroma de manjericão, sabor de nozes e oleosidade (p > 0,05). Portanto, as formulações de pesto mostraram que folhas de moringa e amêndoas de baru podem ser incorporadas sem comprometer aceitação, aroma ou funcionalidade. No segundo artigo, investigou-se a qualidade proteica e os efeitos metabólicos de dietas experimentais formuladas com blends de farinhas contendo castanha de caju parcialmente desengordurado (C), amêndoa de baru parcialmente desengordurado (B), folhas de manjericão (M) e folhas de moringa (MO), utilizando ratos machos Wistar como modelo animal experimental. As farinhas apresentaram elevado teor proteico, superior a 30%, exceto da farinha de manjericão (20,63%). Dentre os blends testados, as formulações C/M e B/M/MO destacaram-se pela maior qualidade proteica, evidenciada pelos índices de PER (Protein Efficiency Ratio) e NPR (Net Protein Ratio). Os valores de PDCAAS (Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score) variaram de 60,34% a 68,88%, sendo a leucina o aminoácido limitante em todas as formulações. Os animais dos grupos B/M e B/M/MO apresentaram menores níveis de glicemia, colesterol total e LDL (lipoproteína de baixa densidade). Observou- se manutenção do estado redox, com modulação das enzimas antioxidantes, sem elevação de MDA ou proteína carbonilada nos grupos C/M, C/M/MO e B/M. A análise histológica do fígado indicou ausência de esteatose no grupo B/M e presença discreta no grupo B/M/MO. Dessa forma, os blends de farinhas forneceram proteínas de boa qualidade e modularam parâmetros metabólicos e oxidativos, especialmente os contendo baru, que melhoraram glicemia, perfil lipídico e integridade hepática. Concluiu-se que, esses alimentos regionais e subutilizados apresentam potencial para inovação tecnológica e benefícios biológicos, reforçando seu papel em estratégias alimentares mais saudáveis e sustentáveis. Palavras-chave: compostos bioativos; molho pesto; Moringa oleifera; Dipteryx alata
The sustainable production of conventional plant species and the valorization of underutilized crops contribute to the sustainability of food systems and biodiversity conservation. Alternative plant-based foods stand out due to their content of bioactive compounds in both conventional species, such as basil and cashew nut, and underutilized crops, such as moringa leaves and baru almond. Thus, this study, divided into two scientific articles, aimed to characterize and evaluate the application potential of cashew nut, basil, baru almond, and moringa leaves through the development of an alternative pesto sauce and the assessment of the biological effects of blends formulated with their flours. In the first article, the technological and sensory potential of four pesto sauce formulations was developed and evaluated: basil with cashew nut (B/CN), basil with baru almond (B/BA), and two versions in which 50% of basil was replaced by moringa leaves, combined with cashew nut (BM/CN) or baru almond (BM/BA). Color analysis revealed that BM/CN exhibited a more pronounced green hue. Both BM/CN and BM/BA showed total phenolic compound levels and antioxidant capacity similar to the B/CN sample, whereas BM/BA contained the highest concentration of condensed tannins (113.28 mg catechin equivalents/100 g). The main volatile compounds identified, 1,8-cineole and linalool, were consistent across all formulations, ensuring the characteristic basil aroma. Sensory evaluation indicated that all formulations, including those containing moringa leaves and baru almonds, were classified as having “good acceptance,” with no difference in acceptability compared to the traditional pesto (p > 0.05). No differences were also observed in the perception of basil aroma, nut flavor, or oiliness (p > 0.05). Therefore, the pesto formulations demonstrated that moringa leaves and baru almonds can be incorporated without compromising acceptability, aroma, or functionality. In the second article, protein quality and metabolic effects of experimental diets formulated with flour blends containing partially defatted cashew nut (C), partially defatted baru almond (B), basil leaves (M), and moringa leaves (MO) were investigated using male Wistar rats as the experimental animal model. The flours exhibited high protein content, exceeding 30%, except for basil flour (20.63%). Among the tested blends, the C/M and B/M/MO formulations stood out for their higher protein quality, as evidenced by the Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) and Net Protein Ratio (NPR). PDCAAS (Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score) values ranged from 60.34% to 68.88%, with leucine identified as the limiting amino acid in all formulations. Animals in the B/M and B/M/MO groups showed lower levels of blood glucose, total cholesterol, and LDL (low-density lipoprotein). Maintenance of redox status was observed, with modulation of antioxidant enzymes and no increase in malondialdehyde or protein carbonyl levels in the C/M, C/M/MO, and B/M groups. Histological analysis of the liver indicated absence of steatosis in the B/M group and mild steatosis in the B/M/MO group. Thus, the flour blends provided proteins of good quality and modulated metabolic and oxidative parameters, particularly those containing baru, which improved glycemic levels, lipid profile, and hepatic integrity. It was concluded that these regional and underutilized foods have potential for technological innovation and biological benefits, reinforcing their role in healthier and more sustainable dietary strategies. Keywords: bioactive compounds; pesto sauce; Moringa oleifera; Dipteryx alata
The sustainable production of conventional plant species and the valorization of underutilized crops contribute to the sustainability of food systems and biodiversity conservation. Alternative plant-based foods stand out due to their content of bioactive compounds in both conventional species, such as basil and cashew nut, and underutilized crops, such as moringa leaves and baru almond. Thus, this study, divided into two scientific articles, aimed to characterize and evaluate the application potential of cashew nut, basil, baru almond, and moringa leaves through the development of an alternative pesto sauce and the assessment of the biological effects of blends formulated with their flours. In the first article, the technological and sensory potential of four pesto sauce formulations was developed and evaluated: basil with cashew nut (B/CN), basil with baru almond (B/BA), and two versions in which 50% of basil was replaced by moringa leaves, combined with cashew nut (BM/CN) or baru almond (BM/BA). Color analysis revealed that BM/CN exhibited a more pronounced green hue. Both BM/CN and BM/BA showed total phenolic compound levels and antioxidant capacity similar to the B/CN sample, whereas BM/BA contained the highest concentration of condensed tannins (113.28 mg catechin equivalents/100 g). The main volatile compounds identified, 1,8-cineole and linalool, were consistent across all formulations, ensuring the characteristic basil aroma. Sensory evaluation indicated that all formulations, including those containing moringa leaves and baru almonds, were classified as having “good acceptance,” with no difference in acceptability compared to the traditional pesto (p > 0.05). No differences were also observed in the perception of basil aroma, nut flavor, or oiliness (p > 0.05). Therefore, the pesto formulations demonstrated that moringa leaves and baru almonds can be incorporated without compromising acceptability, aroma, or functionality. In the second article, protein quality and metabolic effects of experimental diets formulated with flour blends containing partially defatted cashew nut (C), partially defatted baru almond (B), basil leaves (M), and moringa leaves (MO) were investigated using male Wistar rats as the experimental animal model. The flours exhibited high protein content, exceeding 30%, except for basil flour (20.63%). Among the tested blends, the C/M and B/M/MO formulations stood out for their higher protein quality, as evidenced by the Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) and Net Protein Ratio (NPR). PDCAAS (Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score) values ranged from 60.34% to 68.88%, with leucine identified as the limiting amino acid in all formulations. Animals in the B/M and B/M/MO groups showed lower levels of blood glucose, total cholesterol, and LDL (low-density lipoprotein). Maintenance of redox status was observed, with modulation of antioxidant enzymes and no increase in malondialdehyde or protein carbonyl levels in the C/M, C/M/MO, and B/M groups. Histological analysis of the liver indicated absence of steatosis in the B/M group and mild steatosis in the B/M/MO group. Thus, the flour blends provided proteins of good quality and modulated metabolic and oxidative parameters, particularly those containing baru, which improved glycemic levels, lipid profile, and hepatic integrity. It was concluded that these regional and underutilized foods have potential for technological innovation and biological benefits, reinforcing their role in healthier and more sustainable dietary strategies. Keywords: bioactive compounds; pesto sauce; Moringa oleifera; Dipteryx alata
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BRITO, Renata Moraes. Aplicação tecnológica e biológica de alimentos de fontes vegetais subutilizadas. 2025. 92 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2025.
