Uma proposta de intervenção na compreensão dos fundamentos de mecânica usando métodos ativos
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
A pesquisa sistemática sobre o ensino de mecânica newtoniana em nível introdutório foi iniciada na década de 1970 e trouxe resultados que abalaram profundamente a crença na efetividade nas abordagens pedagógicas vigentes, em todos os campos do conhecimento. Esses estudos mostraram que o estudante traz consigo ideias próprias sobre o movimento (“concepções alternativas”), derivadas da sua vivência cotidiana, incompatíveis com a mecânica newtoniana e extremamente resistentes à mudança por meio do método de ensino tradicional. Esse desafio estimulou a criação de novas metodologias e instrumentos de ensino. Dois frutos notáveis desse esforço de pesquisa são vários métodos ativos de ensino e testes diagnósticos, sendo o mais célebre o “Force Concept Inventory” (FCI, “Inventário do Conceito de Força”). Neste trabalho, administramos o FCI a 1.361 estudantes das três séries do Ensino Médio, ao longo de três anos, com o propósito de identificar os conceitos mais desafiadores para um aprendiz. Esses pontos críticos foram examinados à luz da literatura científica e foram elaboradas três sequências didáticas com o propósito de auxiliar o estudante a superar essas dificuldades es-pecíficas: as concepções alternativas segundo as quais 1) a velocidade de um corpo é proporcional à força resultante que atua sobre ele; 2) um agente que exerce força sobre um corpo, transmite a ele algo como “um combustível” (o “impetus” das teorias medievais) que sustenta o seu movimento e 3) a confusão entre posição e velocidade, assim como entre velocidade e aceleração. O material desenvolvido endereça também o letramento científico do estudante. Ele foi desenvolvido a partir de elementos comprovadamente efetivos de métodos ativos de ensino e de princípios bem estabelecidos da psicologia cognitiva. As sequências didáticas foram aplicadas a duas turmas do primeiro ano do Ensino Médio e avaliadas por meio dos relatos de observadores, pelas respostas dos estudantes a questões sobre mecânica e com base nas suas impressões sobre as atividades desenvolvidas. Não foram utilizados pré e pós-testes. Palavras-chave: ensino de física; mecânica newtoniana; fundamentos; evidência
Scientific research on the teaching of mechanics at the introductory level began in the 1970s and provided insights that profoundly challenged the belief in the effectiveness of the traditional pedagogical approach across all fields of knowledge. These studies showed that students bring their own ideas about motion ("alternative conceptions"), derived from everyday experience, that are not only incompatible with Newtonian mechanics, but also highly resistant to change through traditional instruction. This challenge stimulated the development of new teaching methodologies and tools. Two important outcomes of this research effort are some active teaching methods and diagnostic tests, being the “Force Concept Inventory” (FCI) the most famous. In this study, we administered the FCI to 1,361 students across the three High School grades over a period of three years in order to identifying the concepts most challenging for learners. These critical points were examined in light of the scientific literature, and three instructional sequences were developed with the purpose of helping students overcome these specific difficulties: the alternative conceptions according to which (1) the velocity of a body is proportional to the net force acting on it; (2) an agent exerting a force on a body transfers to it something akin to a kind “fuel” (the “impetus” of medieval theories) that sustains its motion; and (3) the confusion between position and velocity, as well as between velocity and acceleration. This material also addresses students’ scientific literacy. It was designed based on proven elements from active learning methods and well-established principles of cognitive psychology. The instructional sequences were used with two first-year High School classes and evaluated through observers’ reports, students’ responses to mechanics-related questions, and their evaluation of the activities carried out. No pre- or post-tests were used. Keywords: physics teaching; newtonian mechanics; fundamentals; evidence
Scientific research on the teaching of mechanics at the introductory level began in the 1970s and provided insights that profoundly challenged the belief in the effectiveness of the traditional pedagogical approach across all fields of knowledge. These studies showed that students bring their own ideas about motion ("alternative conceptions"), derived from everyday experience, that are not only incompatible with Newtonian mechanics, but also highly resistant to change through traditional instruction. This challenge stimulated the development of new teaching methodologies and tools. Two important outcomes of this research effort are some active teaching methods and diagnostic tests, being the “Force Concept Inventory” (FCI) the most famous. In this study, we administered the FCI to 1,361 students across the three High School grades over a period of three years in order to identifying the concepts most challenging for learners. These critical points were examined in light of the scientific literature, and three instructional sequences were developed with the purpose of helping students overcome these specific difficulties: the alternative conceptions according to which (1) the velocity of a body is proportional to the net force acting on it; (2) an agent exerting a force on a body transfers to it something akin to a kind “fuel” (the “impetus” of medieval theories) that sustains its motion; and (3) the confusion between position and velocity, as well as between velocity and acceleration. This material also addresses students’ scientific literacy. It was designed based on proven elements from active learning methods and well-established principles of cognitive psychology. The instructional sequences were used with two first-year High School classes and evaluated through observers’ reports, students’ responses to mechanics-related questions, and their evaluation of the activities carried out. No pre- or post-tests were used. Keywords: physics teaching; newtonian mechanics; fundamentals; evidence
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VIEIRA, Iara Francisca. Uma proposta de intervenção na compreensão dos fundamentos de mecânica usando métodos ativos. 2025. 284 f. Dissertação (Mestrado Profissional em Ensino de Física) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2025.
