Diversidade taxonômica, funcional e filogenética dos geoambientes de ferricretes amazônicos
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
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Os ferricretes são caracterizados por apresentar geoambientes que abrangem áreas abertas onde predomina a vegetação herbácea (CRAB - Campo Rupestre Aberto), vegetação rupestre com coexistência de espécies herbáceas e lenhosas (CRAR - Campo Rupestre Arbustivo), e até áreas florestadas com dominância de espécies lenhosas (FL). Desde 1990, os ferricretes vêm enfrentando pressões antrópicas, como degradação e conversão em pastagens e áreas agrícolas. Diante desse cenário, compreender os padrões que determinam a montagem das comunidades vegetais é essencial para subsidiar estratégias de conservação. Este estudo avaliou a composição, a diversidade taxonômica e funcional, bem como a diversidade e estrutura filogenética das comunidades vegetais nos ferricretes do Araguaia. Esperamos que i) a composição das comunidades difere entre os geoambientes, com CRAB associado a solos pobres em nutrientes e FL associado a solos com mais recursos; ii) Em FL, a coexistência das espécies é influenciada tanto pela competição quanto pela filtragem ambiental, resultando em menor diversidade taxonômica e estrutura filogenética esperada ao acaso; iii) em áreas de afloramento, principalmente o CRAB, os filtros ambientais selecionam espécies com características conservadas dentro das linhagens evolutivas resultando em menor diversidade e maior agrupamento filogenético; e iv) CRAR apresente maior diversidade funcional devido à coexistência de espécies com diferentes formas de vida presente nessa formação. A amostragem da vegetação foi realizada em 89 parcelas de 10x20 m distribuídas entre as formações de CRAB, CRAR e FL. Amostras de solo foram coletadas para análise das características físico-químico e biológicas. A diversidade taxonômica foi avaliada por meio dos índices de Shannon, Simpson e riqueza de espécies, enquanto a composição da comunidade foi analisada por escalonamento multidimensional não-métrico (NMDS). A análise de componentes principais (PCA) foi utilizada para verificar a explicação da variância com base nas características do solo. A diversidade funcional foi avaliada através das métricas de riqueza funcional (FRic), dispersão funcional (FDis), regularidade funcional (FEve) e divergência funcional (FDiv), baseada em característica, como forma de crescimento, área foliar específica (SLA), macro e micronutrientes foliares, e síndrome de dispersão. A estrutura e diversidade filogenética foram calculadas no software Phylocom 4.2. A composição de espécies vegetais difere entre as comunidades, possivelmente em resposta às características ambientais específicas de cada ambiente. A PCA mostrou CRAB associado a solos pobres em nutrientes, onde foi observado maior agrupamento filogenético e funcional, reforçando a atuação de filtros ambientais que selecionam espécies adaptadas as condições extremas. Embora CRAR também tenha apresentado agrupamento filogenético, exibiu maior diversidade funcional, indicando que, apesar de aparentadas, as espécies possuem estratégias funcionais diversificadas. FL associada a solos com mais recursos mostrou uma estrutura filogenética esperada ao acaso, tanto no estrato arbóreo quanto no estrato herbáceo, indicando equilíbrio entre filtragem abiótica e biótica. Também observamos a menor diversidade taxonômica e superdispersão filogenética no NRI (Índice de Táxon mais próximo não ponderado pela abundância), sugerindo competição por recurso entre as espécies de FL. Esses resultados ressaltam a necessidade de estratégias de conservação que considerem todo o gradiente de vegetação dos ferricretes do Araguaia. Palavras-chave: ferricretes; geoambientes; diversidade
Ferricretes are characterized by presenting geoenvironments that cover open areas where herbaceous vegetation predominates (CRAB – Campo Rupestre Aberto), rupestrian vegetation with coexistence of herbaceous and woody species (CRAR – Campo Rupestre Arbustivo) to forested areas with dominance of woody species (FL). Since 1990, ferricretes have been facing anthropogenic pressures, such as degradation and conversion to pastures and agricultural areas. Given this scenario, understanding the patterns that determine the assembly of plant communities is essential to support conservation strategies. This study evaluated the composition, taxonomic and functional diversity, as well as the diversity and phylogenetic structure of the plant communities in the Araguaia ferricretes. We expect that i) the composition of communities differs between geoenvironments, with CRAB associated with nutrient-poor soils and FL associated with soil with more resources; ii) in FL, the coexistence of species is influenced by both competition and environmental filtering, resulting in lower taxonomic diversity and phylogenetic structure expected by chance; iii) outcrop areas, like CRAB, the environmental filters select species with the evolutionary lineages resulting in less diversity and greater phylogenetic clustering; iv) CRAR has greater functional diversity due to the coexistence of species with different forms of life present in this formation. Vegetation sampling was carried out in 89 plots of 10x20 m distributed among the CRAB, CRAR and FL formations. Soil samples were collected for analysis of physicochemical and biological characteristic. Taxonomic diversity was evaluated using the Shannon, Simpson and species richness, while community composition was analyzed by non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to verify the explanation of variance based on soil characteristic. Functional diversity was evaluated through the metrics of functional richness (FRic), functional dispersion (FDis), functional regularity (FEve) and functional divergence (FDiv), based on traits, like as growth form, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf macro and micronutrients, and dispersion syndrome. The phylogenetic structure and diversity were calculated using the Phylocom 4.2 software. The composition of plant species differs between communities, possibly in response to the specific environmental characteristic of each environment. The PCA showed CRAB associated with nutrient-poor soil, where greater phylogenetic and functional clustering was observed, reinforcing the action of environmental filters that select species adapted to extreme conditions. Although CRAR also showed phylogenetic clustering, it exhibited greater functional diversity, indicating that, despite being related, the species have diversified functional strategies. FL associated with soils with more resources showed a phylogenetic structure expected by chance, both in the arboreal stratum and in the herbaceous stratum, indicating a balance between abiotic and biotic filtration. We also observed lower taxonomic diversity and phylogenetic overdispersal in the NRI (Nearest Taxon Index not weighted by abundance), suggesting resource competition among FL species. The results highlight the need for conservation strategies that consider the entire vegetation gradient of the Araguaia ferricretes. Keywords: ferricretes; geoenvironments; diversity
Ferricretes are characterized by presenting geoenvironments that cover open areas where herbaceous vegetation predominates (CRAB – Campo Rupestre Aberto), rupestrian vegetation with coexistence of herbaceous and woody species (CRAR – Campo Rupestre Arbustivo) to forested areas with dominance of woody species (FL). Since 1990, ferricretes have been facing anthropogenic pressures, such as degradation and conversion to pastures and agricultural areas. Given this scenario, understanding the patterns that determine the assembly of plant communities is essential to support conservation strategies. This study evaluated the composition, taxonomic and functional diversity, as well as the diversity and phylogenetic structure of the plant communities in the Araguaia ferricretes. We expect that i) the composition of communities differs between geoenvironments, with CRAB associated with nutrient-poor soils and FL associated with soil with more resources; ii) in FL, the coexistence of species is influenced by both competition and environmental filtering, resulting in lower taxonomic diversity and phylogenetic structure expected by chance; iii) outcrop areas, like CRAB, the environmental filters select species with the evolutionary lineages resulting in less diversity and greater phylogenetic clustering; iv) CRAR has greater functional diversity due to the coexistence of species with different forms of life present in this formation. Vegetation sampling was carried out in 89 plots of 10x20 m distributed among the CRAB, CRAR and FL formations. Soil samples were collected for analysis of physicochemical and biological characteristic. Taxonomic diversity was evaluated using the Shannon, Simpson and species richness, while community composition was analyzed by non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to verify the explanation of variance based on soil characteristic. Functional diversity was evaluated through the metrics of functional richness (FRic), functional dispersion (FDis), functional regularity (FEve) and functional divergence (FDiv), based on traits, like as growth form, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf macro and micronutrients, and dispersion syndrome. The phylogenetic structure and diversity were calculated using the Phylocom 4.2 software. The composition of plant species differs between communities, possibly in response to the specific environmental characteristic of each environment. The PCA showed CRAB associated with nutrient-poor soil, where greater phylogenetic and functional clustering was observed, reinforcing the action of environmental filters that select species adapted to extreme conditions. Although CRAR also showed phylogenetic clustering, it exhibited greater functional diversity, indicating that, despite being related, the species have diversified functional strategies. FL associated with soils with more resources showed a phylogenetic structure expected by chance, both in the arboreal stratum and in the herbaceous stratum, indicating a balance between abiotic and biotic filtration. We also observed lower taxonomic diversity and phylogenetic overdispersal in the NRI (Nearest Taxon Index not weighted by abundance), suggesting resource competition among FL species. The results highlight the need for conservation strategies that consider the entire vegetation gradient of the Araguaia ferricretes. Keywords: ferricretes; geoenvironments; diversity
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CHAVES, Viviane Vasconcelos. Diversidade taxonômica, funcional e filogenética dos geoambientes de ferricretes amazônicos. 2025. 48 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Botânica) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2025.
