Hipotonia e função respiratória em crianças com Transtorno do Espectro Autista: uma revisão sistemática
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2024-07-09
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
O Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) é estudado há mais de 60 anos. Hoje é classificado pelo Diagnostical and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) como um transtorno de desenvolvimento que interfere na interação social de comunicação, podendo apresentar alterações motoras e posturais. Suas manifestações variam de acordo com o desenvolvimento e idade cronológica de cada criança. Essas alterações interferem no desenvolvimento e podem acarretar prejuízos posturais (desvio postural), déficit de equilíbrio, alteração na coordenação motora fina e grossa, hipotonia (HP) e movimentos estereotipados, que impactam a capacidade funcional do indivíduo. No que diz respeito à HP, a principal característica é a dificuldade de controle postural e do tônus. Nesse sentido, ao correlacionar a HP com o sistema respiratório, é importante observar que, se houver a presença da HP e, ou, fraqueza da musculatura respiratória associada à alteração muscular da caixa torácica, podem ocorrer alterações na ventilação pulmonar, tosse ineficaz, dificuldade na deglutição, sialorreia em excesso e infecções respiratórias recorrentes e processos alérgicos. Entretanto, não é fácil estabelecer relação sob a HP e o TEA nas alterações respiratórias devido à escassez de artigos na literatura. É nesse contexto que este estudo objetivou investigar as influências da hipotonia no TEA sobre o sistema respiratório. Uma revisão sistemática foi realizada com base em duas buscas separadas a partir das cominações dos termos, em inglês: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Autistic Disorder, Autismo, Muscle Hypotononia, Respiratory System Respiratory Tract Diseases, associados pelo operador booleano ‘‘AND’’ e ‘‘OR’’. A primeira busca seguiu esta ordem: ‘‘Respiratory system OR respiratory tract diseases AND muscle hypotonia OR hypotonia’’; a segunda busca seguiu: ‘‘Autism spectrum disorder OR autistic disorder OR austism AND muscle hypotonia OR hypotonia’’. Os resultados evidenciaram que não foram encontrados estudos sobre TEA que abordassem e, ou, avaliassem o sistema respiratório. Dessa forma, ao correlacionar os achados das duasbuscas a partir do objetivo proposto e dos estudos analisados, esta revisão sistemática pressupôs que existe influência da HP no sistema respiratório e, possivelmente, em indivíduos com TEA. As questões relacionadas à HP no TEA já são descritas como presentes na literatura, entretanto não se encontram estudos que discutam a HP no sistema respiratório desses indivíduos. Há indícios de que a HP, ao acometer a região de tronco e estruturas próximas, leva à alteração da mecânica respiratória, favorecendo infecções recorrentes e exercendo um peso importante nas análises encontradas e que devem ser consideradas. Entretanto, as estruturas de buscas e os resultados reportados, atualmente, mostram-se ainda insuficientes para o estabelecimento de conclusões concretas. Assim, observa-se a necessidade de novos estudos abordando a avaliação respiratória em indivíduos com TEA com a presença de HP, levando a novas e aprimoradas linhas de pesquisa na área. Palavras-chave: Transtorno do Espectro Autista, Hipotonia, Sistema Respiratório, Infecções Respiratórias.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has been studied for over 60 years. Today, it is classified by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) as a developmental disorder that interferes with social interaction and communication and may present with motor and postural changes. Its manifestations vary according to the development and chronological age of each child. These changes interfere with development and may lead to postural impairments (postural deviation), balance deficits, changes in fine and gross motor coordination, hypotonia (HP) and stereotyped movements, which impact the individual's functional capacity. Regarding HP, the main characteristic is difficulty in postural control and tone control. In this sense, when correlating HP with the respiratory system, it is important to note that if there is the presence of the same and/or weakness of the respiratory muscles, associated with muscular changes in the rib cage, changes in pulmonary ventilation, ineffective coughing, difficulty swallowing, excessive sialorrhea and recurrent respiratory infections and allergic processes may occur. However, it is not easy to establish a relationship between PH and ASD in respiratory disorders due to the scarcity of articles in the literature. It is in this context that this study aimed to investigate the influences of hypotonia in ASD on the respiratory system. A systematic review was carried out based on two separate searches from the combinations of the terms: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Autistic Disorder, Autism, Muscle Hypotonia, Respiratory System Respiratory Tract Diseases, associated by the Boolean operator ‘‘AND’’ and ‘‘OR’’. The first search followed the following order: ‘‘Respiratory system OR respiratory tract diseases AND muscle hypotonia OR hypotonia’’, the second search followed: ‘‘Autism spectrum disorder OR autistic disorder OR autism AND muscle hypotonia OR hypotonia’’. The results showed that no studies on ASD were found that observed and/or evaluated the respiratory system. Therefore, by correlating the findings of the two searches based on the proposed objective and the studies analyzed, this systematic review assumed that there is an influence of PH on the respiratory systemand possibly in individuals with ASD. The issues related to PH in ASD are already described as present in the literature, however, there are no studies that discuss PH in the respiratory system in these individuals. There is evidence that PH, when affecting the trunk region and nearby structures, leads to changes in respiratory mechanics, favoring recurrent infections, exerting an important weight in the analyses found and that should be considered. However, the search structures and the results reported, currently, are still insufficient to establish concrete conclusions, observing the need for new studies addressing the respiratory evaluation in individuals with ASD with the presence of PH, leading to new and improved lines of research in the area. Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Hypotonia, Respiratory System, Respiratory Infections.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has been studied for over 60 years. Today, it is classified by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) as a developmental disorder that interferes with social interaction and communication and may present with motor and postural changes. Its manifestations vary according to the development and chronological age of each child. These changes interfere with development and may lead to postural impairments (postural deviation), balance deficits, changes in fine and gross motor coordination, hypotonia (HP) and stereotyped movements, which impact the individual's functional capacity. Regarding HP, the main characteristic is difficulty in postural control and tone control. In this sense, when correlating HP with the respiratory system, it is important to note that if there is the presence of the same and/or weakness of the respiratory muscles, associated with muscular changes in the rib cage, changes in pulmonary ventilation, ineffective coughing, difficulty swallowing, excessive sialorrhea and recurrent respiratory infections and allergic processes may occur. However, it is not easy to establish a relationship between PH and ASD in respiratory disorders due to the scarcity of articles in the literature. It is in this context that this study aimed to investigate the influences of hypotonia in ASD on the respiratory system. A systematic review was carried out based on two separate searches from the combinations of the terms: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Autistic Disorder, Autism, Muscle Hypotonia, Respiratory System Respiratory Tract Diseases, associated by the Boolean operator ‘‘AND’’ and ‘‘OR’’. The first search followed the following order: ‘‘Respiratory system OR respiratory tract diseases AND muscle hypotonia OR hypotonia’’, the second search followed: ‘‘Autism spectrum disorder OR autistic disorder OR autism AND muscle hypotonia OR hypotonia’’. The results showed that no studies on ASD were found that observed and/or evaluated the respiratory system. Therefore, by correlating the findings of the two searches based on the proposed objective and the studies analyzed, this systematic review assumed that there is an influence of PH on the respiratory systemand possibly in individuals with ASD. The issues related to PH in ASD are already described as present in the literature, however, there are no studies that discuss PH in the respiratory system in these individuals. There is evidence that PH, when affecting the trunk region and nearby structures, leads to changes in respiratory mechanics, favoring recurrent infections, exerting an important weight in the analyses found and that should be considered. However, the search structures and the results reported, currently, are still insufficient to establish concrete conclusions, observing the need for new studies addressing the respiratory evaluation in individuals with ASD with the presence of PH, leading to new and improved lines of research in the area. Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Hypotonia, Respiratory System, Respiratory Infections.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Transtornos do espectro autista em crianças, Hipotonia muscular, Aparelho respiratória - Doenças
Citação
GOMES, Natália Reis. Hipotonia e função respiratória em crianças com transtorno do espectro autista: uma revisão sistemática. 2024. 42 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Educação Física) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2024.