Estudo da morfologia do coração, dos hemócitos e dos efeitos do imidacloprido e da infecção bacteriana nas populações de hemócitos de Melipona quadrifasciata
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
Abelhas sem ferrão são importantes polinizadores de plantas nativas e cultivadas, com um papel essencial na manutenção dos ecossistemas. Diversos fatores estão contribuindo para o declínio das populações desses polinizadores, como o uso de inseticidas neonicotinoides e a infecção por patógenos. Além de ter impacto direto à sobrevivência dos insetos, inseticidas podem causar efeitos subletais a organismos não-alvo, como as abelhas, podendo impor custos significativos à sua imunidade. O presente trabalho trata do estudo comparado do tubo dorsal pulsátil ou coração (e tecidos associados) e dos principais hemócitos (prohemócitos, plasmatócitos e granulócitos) nos diferentes sexos e castas de M. quadrifasciata, através de diversas técnicas de microscopia, e também da avaliação da contagem total e diferencial de hemócitos, após a exposição oral de operárias com imidacloprido e a infecção por Escherichia coli. Forrageiras foram submetidas a cinco tratamentos: 1) exposição a imidacloprido; 2) infecção por bactéria; 3) tratamento com inseticida e bactéria; 4) controle, sem nenhum dos dois tratamentos; e 5) controle, com injeção apenas de meio LB. Esses tratamentos foram submetidos a um esquema fatorial com um tratamento adicional (2 2 + 1). A morfologia do coração, assim como dos músculos alares e das células pericardiais, é semelhante entre os sexos e castas e ao observado em outros insetos. Entretanto, seu coração possui uma expansão na porção abdominal final e os cardiomiócitos são dispostos em um círculo aberto. As características morfológicas dos hemócitos são similares entre os indivíduos estudados. As forrageiras possuem menor quantidade de hemócitos quando comparadas a abelhas mais jovens. A quantidade relativa de hemócitos das forrageiras altera mediante exposição ao imidacloprido e à E. coli, causando aumento em algumas células e diminuição em outras, mas não causaram alterações significativas à contagem total dos mesmos. O presente trabalho nos permite conhecer melhor os sistemas circulatório e imune, e entender como seus hemócitos respondem à exposição ao imidacloprido simultaneamente à infecção bacteriana em M. quadrifasciata.
Stingless bees are important pollinators of native and cultivable plants, with a key role in maintaining ecosystems. The decline in the population of these pollinators has been detected and, although this is a multifactorial cause, exposure to pesticides, mainly neonicotinoids and infection by pathogens are considered to cause this decline. Insecticides affect the survival or can cause subtlethal effects on non-target insects, including costs on their immunity. In the present study we studied the morphology of the dorsal tube or heart (and associated tissues) and the hemocytes (prohemocytes, plasmatocytes and granulocytes) in the different sexes and castes of M. quadrifasciata, through various microscopy techniques. In addition, the total and differential hemocyte counts were performed after the oral exposure of bee workers with imidacloprido and infection with the bacterium Escherichia coli. For this, the foragers were submitted to different treatments: 1) exposure to imidacloprid; 2) infection with bacteria; 3) treated with the insecticide and the bacterium; 4) control, without either treatments; and 5) control, with injection of bacteria-free medium. These treatments were submitted to a factorial scheme with an additional treatment (2 2 + 1). The morphology of the heart, as well as of the alary muscles and the pericardial cells, are similar considering male, female, and the different castes. The gross morphology of the heart is also similar to other insects, however, the organ has an expansion at its final abdominal portion and the cardiomyocytes are arranged in an open circle, typical of bees. The morphology of the hemocytes are also similar among the individual. We also observed that foragers or aged bees have a smaller number of hemocytes when compared to younger ones. The relative amount of hemocytes of foragers changes upon exposure to imidacloprid and E. coli, causing increase in some cells and decrease in others, but did not cause significant changes to the total count of cells. The present work improve the knowledge about the heart anatomy and the immune system, and how hemocytes respond to exposure to insecticides combined with infection by a bacterium in the stingless bee M. quadrifasciata.
Stingless bees are important pollinators of native and cultivable plants, with a key role in maintaining ecosystems. The decline in the population of these pollinators has been detected and, although this is a multifactorial cause, exposure to pesticides, mainly neonicotinoids and infection by pathogens are considered to cause this decline. Insecticides affect the survival or can cause subtlethal effects on non-target insects, including costs on their immunity. In the present study we studied the morphology of the dorsal tube or heart (and associated tissues) and the hemocytes (prohemocytes, plasmatocytes and granulocytes) in the different sexes and castes of M. quadrifasciata, through various microscopy techniques. In addition, the total and differential hemocyte counts were performed after the oral exposure of bee workers with imidacloprido and infection with the bacterium Escherichia coli. For this, the foragers were submitted to different treatments: 1) exposure to imidacloprid; 2) infection with bacteria; 3) treated with the insecticide and the bacterium; 4) control, without either treatments; and 5) control, with injection of bacteria-free medium. These treatments were submitted to a factorial scheme with an additional treatment (2 2 + 1). The morphology of the heart, as well as of the alary muscles and the pericardial cells, are similar considering male, female, and the different castes. The gross morphology of the heart is also similar to other insects, however, the organ has an expansion at its final abdominal portion and the cardiomyocytes are arranged in an open circle, typical of bees. The morphology of the hemocytes are also similar among the individual. We also observed that foragers or aged bees have a smaller number of hemocytes when compared to younger ones. The relative amount of hemocytes of foragers changes upon exposure to imidacloprid and E. coli, causing increase in some cells and decrease in others, but did not cause significant changes to the total count of cells. The present work improve the knowledge about the heart anatomy and the immune system, and how hemocytes respond to exposure to insecticides combined with infection by a bacterium in the stingless bee M. quadrifasciata.
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RAVAIANO, Samira Veiga. Estudo da morfologia do coração, dos hemócitos e dos efeitos do imidacloprido e da infecção bacteriana nas populações de hemócitos de Melipona quadrifasciata. 2017. 88 f. Tese (Doutorado em Entomologia) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2017.
