Avaliação da combustibilidade e combustão espontânea do carvão vegetal de Corymbia e Eucalyptus
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2024-12-09
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
O Brasil é líder mundial na produção de carvão vegetal, sendo boa parte destinado para a indústria siderúrgica, utilizado como termorredutor. Essa utilização do carvão vegetal nesse setor o torna destaque para a produção do “aço verde”. Logo, há diversos estudos e tecnologias que visam otimizar todos os processos desse sistema produtivo, elevando cada vez mais o rendimento e qualidade do produto. No entanto, ainda há muitos desafios a serem contornados pelo setor, sendo um deles o alto custo do transporte pela classificação do carvão vegetal como carga perigosa. A Agência Nacional de Transporte Terrestre na Resolução nº 5998/22 e suas instruções complementares, classifica o carvão vegetal como carga perigosa, na classe 4.2, sendo essa pertencentes os materiais com risco de combustão espontânea. Porém, ainda não há evidências cientificas suficientes para entender se realmente o carvão vegetal é susceptível a combustão espontânea, sendo necessário estudos para suprir essas questões. Diante disso, o objetivo desse estudo é compreender a influência de diferentes carvões vegetais, com propriedades diferentes, utilizados no setor, na combustibilidade e susceptibilidade a combustão espontânea desses. E adicionalmente reunir informações sobre as atuais regulamentações vigentes para o transporte de carvão vegetal no país, facilitando o seu entendimento para o setor. Esse estudo foi divido em três capítulos. O capítulo 1 teve como objetivo revisar sobre as regulamentações e informações inerentes ao transporte terrestre de carvão vegetal no Brasil, com o objetivo de facilitar o entendimento para contribuir em futuros questionamentos e resoluções para a simplificação do transporte de carvão vegetal a nível nacional. A principal legislação e regulamentação para transporte de carvão vegetal é a Resolução ANTT nº 5998/22 e suas instruções complementares. Que contém as regras para o transporte desse produto quando enquadrado como carga perigosa, em nível nacional. Ainda, no estado de Minas Gerais, estado com maior produção de carvão vegetal, encontra-se a Lei nº 22.805/2017, que estabelece medidas relativas ao transporte de produtos perigosos no estado, entre as medidas a obrigatoriedade de possuir um plano de Ação de emergência (PAE), podendo acarretar mais custos no transporte de carvão vegetal. O capítulo 2 teve como objetivo avaliar a ocorrência ou não da combustão espontânea de carvões vegetais de Corymbia e Eucalyptus, com diferentes teores de umidade, de acordo com o Manual de Ensaios e Critérios (Recomendações Sobre o Transporte de Mercadorias Perigosas) pela ONU. Para os ensaios de combustão espontânea, tanto as umidades estudadas quanto o material genético utilizado para a produção do carvão vegetal, não influenciaram na susceptibilidade a combustão espontânea. O capítulo 3 teve como objetivo avaliar duas granulometrias diferentes das amostras de carvões vegetais de Eucalyptus sp., com diferentes teores de carbonos fixos, na combustibilidade e no teste de combustão espontânea. O ensaio de combustão espontânea foi influenciado pelo teor de carbono fixo do carvão vegetal e sua granulometria. O resultado positivo para esse ensaio foi encontrado apenas no carvão vegetal com teor de carbono fixo de 68% e granulometria menor de com aproximadamente 5x2,5x2,5 cm. Esses resultados evidenciam a importância de boas práticas no transporte de carvão vegetal, sendo esses transportados com teores de carbono fixo acima de 68%, para não ocorrer o risco da suscetibilidade na combustão espontânea nesse material. Palavras-chave: Carga perigosa; Subclasse 4.2; Termorredutor; Combustão Espontânea; Siderurgia
Brazil is the world's leading producer of charcoal, much of which goes to the steel industry and is used as a thermo-reducer. The use of charcoal in this sector makes it a leading producer of “green steel”. Therefore, there are several studies and technologies aimed at optimizing all the processes in this production system, increasing the yield and quality of the product. However, there are still many challenges to be overcome by the sector, one of which is the high cost of transportation due to the classification of charcoal as dangerous cargo. In Resolution 5998/22 and its supplementary instructions, the National Land Transport Agency classifies charcoal as hazardous cargo, in class 4.2, which includes materials with a risk of spontaneous combustion. However, there is still not enough scientific evidence to understand whether charcoal is susceptible to spontaneous combustion, and studies are needed to answer these questions. In view of this, the aim of this study is to understand the influence of different vegetable coals, with different properties, used in the sector, on their combustibility and susceptibility to spontaneous combustion. It also aims to gather information on the current regulations in force for the transportation of charcoal in the country, making it easier for the sector to understand them. This study was divided into three chapters. The objective of Chapter 1 was to review the regulations and information inherent to the overland transportation of charcoal in Brazil, with the aim of facilitating understanding and contributing to future questions and resolutions to simplify the transportation of charcoal at a national level. The main legislation and regulation for charcoal transportation is ANTT Resolution No. 5998/22 and its complementary instructions. This contains the rules for transporting this product when it is classified as dangerous cargo, at a national level. Also, in the state of Minas Gerais, the state with the highest charcoal production, there is Law No. 22.805/2017, which establishes measures relating to the transportation of dangerous products in the state, including the obligation to have an emergency action plan (PAE), which may lead to higher costs in the transportation of charcoal. The aim of Chapter 2 was to assess whether or not spontaneous combustion occurs in Corymbia and Eucalyptus charcoal at different moisture contents, in accordance with the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria (Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods). For the spontaneous combustion tests, both the humidity levels studied and the genetic material used to produce the charcoal had no influence on susceptibility to spontaneous combustion. The aim of Chapter 3 was to evaluate two different grain sizes of Eucalyptus sp. charcoal samples, with different fixed carbon contents, in terms of combustibility and the spontaneous combustion test. The spontaneous combustion test was influenced by the fixed carbon content of the charcoal and its particle size. Positive results for this test were only found for charcoal with a fixed carbon content of 68% and a smaller grain size of approximately 5x2.5x2.5 cm. These results show that good practices are needed when transporting charcoal with fixed carbon contents above this level, so as not to run the risk of spontaneous combustion. Keywords: Dangerous cargo; Subclass 4.2; Thermoreducer; Spontaneous combustion ; Steel industry
Brazil is the world's leading producer of charcoal, much of which goes to the steel industry and is used as a thermo-reducer. The use of charcoal in this sector makes it a leading producer of “green steel”. Therefore, there are several studies and technologies aimed at optimizing all the processes in this production system, increasing the yield and quality of the product. However, there are still many challenges to be overcome by the sector, one of which is the high cost of transportation due to the classification of charcoal as dangerous cargo. In Resolution 5998/22 and its supplementary instructions, the National Land Transport Agency classifies charcoal as hazardous cargo, in class 4.2, which includes materials with a risk of spontaneous combustion. However, there is still not enough scientific evidence to understand whether charcoal is susceptible to spontaneous combustion, and studies are needed to answer these questions. In view of this, the aim of this study is to understand the influence of different vegetable coals, with different properties, used in the sector, on their combustibility and susceptibility to spontaneous combustion. It also aims to gather information on the current regulations in force for the transportation of charcoal in the country, making it easier for the sector to understand them. This study was divided into three chapters. The objective of Chapter 1 was to review the regulations and information inherent to the overland transportation of charcoal in Brazil, with the aim of facilitating understanding and contributing to future questions and resolutions to simplify the transportation of charcoal at a national level. The main legislation and regulation for charcoal transportation is ANTT Resolution No. 5998/22 and its complementary instructions. This contains the rules for transporting this product when it is classified as dangerous cargo, at a national level. Also, in the state of Minas Gerais, the state with the highest charcoal production, there is Law No. 22.805/2017, which establishes measures relating to the transportation of dangerous products in the state, including the obligation to have an emergency action plan (PAE), which may lead to higher costs in the transportation of charcoal. The aim of Chapter 2 was to assess whether or not spontaneous combustion occurs in Corymbia and Eucalyptus charcoal at different moisture contents, in accordance with the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria (Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods). For the spontaneous combustion tests, both the humidity levels studied and the genetic material used to produce the charcoal had no influence on susceptibility to spontaneous combustion. The aim of Chapter 3 was to evaluate two different grain sizes of Eucalyptus sp. charcoal samples, with different fixed carbon contents, in terms of combustibility and the spontaneous combustion test. The spontaneous combustion test was influenced by the fixed carbon content of the charcoal and its particle size. Positive results for this test were only found for charcoal with a fixed carbon content of 68% and a smaller grain size of approximately 5x2.5x2.5 cm. These results show that good practices are needed when transporting charcoal with fixed carbon contents above this level, so as not to run the risk of spontaneous combustion. Keywords: Dangerous cargo; Subclass 4.2; Thermoreducer; Spontaneous combustion ; Steel industry
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Carvão vegetal - Propriedades térmicas, Carvão vegetal - Transporte - Legislação, Substâncias perigosas - Combustão, Aço - Indústria
Citação
GUIRARDI, Bruna Duque. Avaliação da combustibilidade e combustão espontânea do carvão vegetal de Corymbia e Eucalyptus. 2024. 111 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência Florestal) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2024.