Efeitos do treinamento físico resistido e da utilização de decanoato de nandrolona sobre a morfofisiologia cardíaca, propriedades moleculares, mecânicas e balanço redox em cardiomiócitos isolados de ratos Wistar
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
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Introdução: O decanoato de nandrolona (DN) é comumente utilizado por praticantes de musculação, mas seus efeitos combinados ao treinamento resistido (TR) sobre o coração não são plenamente compreendidos. Objetivo: Investigar os efeitos do TR e DN sobre morfofisiologia cardíaca, propriedades moleculares, mecânicas e balanço redox em cardiomiócitos isolados de ratos Wistar. Método: 32 ratos Wistar (12 se- manas; 333 ± 14 g) foram igualmente divididos em: controle (C), controle treinado (C-T), DN (N) e DN treinado (N-T). Os grupos N e N-T receberam 20 mg/kg/semana de DN, enquanto C e C-T receberam solução salina (0,4 ml/kg/semana), durante oito semanas. O TR foi realizado 3x/semana, com 4-9 escaladas em escada carre-gando progressivamente 50-100% do peso máximo carregado, com incrementos de 30 g até a falha. A morfofisiologia cardíaca foi avaliada por ecocardiografia; contrati-lidade de cardiomiócitos dos ventrículos esquerdo (VE) e direito (VD) foi avaliada por sistema de detecção de bordas em frequências de 1, 3, 5 e 7 Hz; avaliaram-se ex- pressões de canais receptores de rianodina 2 (RyR2), cálcio-ATPase do retículo sarcoplasmático (SERCA2a), canais trocadores de sódio-cálcio (NCX) e fosfolam- bam total (FLBt) por ensaio imunoenzimático, e níveis de superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), óxido nítrico (NO), carbonilação de proteínas (PC), malonal- deído (MDA) e capacidade antioxidante (FRAP) nos ventrículos. Resultados: N-T apresentou aumento dos diâmetros ventriculares e espessura septal, redução das frações de ejeção e encurtamento (VE) e da função sistólica (VD), comparado ao N (p = 0,04). O N-T apresentou também aumento do volume e largura de cardiomióci- tos do VE, comparado ao C-T (p = 0,04). No VE, o DN isolado não afetou a contrati- lidade celular, enquanto o TR otimizou os parâmetros. O N-T apresentou aumento na amplitude e velocidade de contração a 5 Hz (p = 0,04), e na velocidade de rela- xamento a 1, 3 e 5 Hz (p < 0,01), além de redução nos tempos para pico de contração e 50% do relaxamento a 1 Hz com-parado ao N (p = 0,04). No VD, fatores DN e TR melhoraram parâmetros contráteis. O N-T aumentou a amplitude e velocidade de contração a 1 e 5 Hz, reduziu o tempo para pico de contração a 1 e 3 Hz e o tempo para relaxamento a 1 Hz em relação a N, além de maior velocidade de relaxamento em comparação a N e C-T (p <0,02). Nas análises moleculares, fator TR reduziu RyR2 em ambos os ventrículos, e DN reduziu todas as proteínas analisadas, exceto o NCX no VD. N-T apresentou meno-res níveis de RyR2 (p < 0,001) e FLBt no VE (p = 0,04) comparado a C-T. Fator TR elevou níveis de PC em ambos os ventrículos, e DN aumentou MDA (VE e VD), PC (VE), reduziu NO (VE) e CAT (VD). O N-T teve maiores níveis de MDA no VE com-parado ao C-T (p = 0,03). Conclusão: TR+DN gerou dilatação biventricular e piora da função cardíaca, melhorou parâmetros de contratilidade celular, reduziu expressões de RyR2 (VE e VD) e de FLBt (VE) e aumentou estresse oxidativo (VE e VD). Palavras-chave: esteroides androgênicos miocárdio; estresse oxidativo anabolizantes; exercício resistido; miocárdio; estresse oxidativo.
Introduction: Nandrolone decanoate (ND) is commonly used by individuals engaged in resistance training (RT), but its combined effects on the heart are not fully understood. Aim: To investigate the effects of RT and ND on cardiac morphophysiology, molecular and mechanical properties, and redox balance in isolated cardiomyocytes of Wistar rats. Methods: Thirty-two Wistar rats (12 weeks old; 333 ± 14 g) were equally divided into four groups: control (C), trained control (C- T), ND (N), and trained ND (N-T). Groups N and N-T received 20 mg/kg/week of ND, while C and C-T received saline solution (0.4 ml/kg/week), over eight weeks. RT was performed 3 times/week, consisting of 4–9 ladder climbs carrying progressively 50–100% of the maximal load, with 30 g increments until failure. Cardiac morphophysiology was assessed by echocardiography; cardiomyocyte contractility from left (LV) and right (RV) ventricles was evaluated using a borders-detection system at 1, 3, 5, and 7 Hz; protein expression levels of ryanodine receptor type 2 (RyR2), sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²?-ATPase (SERCA2a), sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX), and total phospholamban (PLBt) were measured by enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); and levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), nitric oxide (NO), protein carbonyls (PC), malondialdehyde (MDA), and antioxidant capacity (FRAP) were analyzed in both ventricles. Results: The N-T group showed increased ventricular diameters and septal thickness, reduced ejection and fractional shortening, and impaired RV systolic function compared to N (p = 0.04). N-T also exhibited increased volume and width of LV cardiomyocytes compared to C-T (p = 0.04). In the LV, isolated ND did not affect cellular contractility, whereas RT improved the parameters. N-T showed increased contraction amplitude and velocity at 5 Hz (p = 0.04), and enhanced relaxation velocity at 1, 3, and 5 Hz (p < 0.01), along with shorter time to peak contraction and 50% relaxation at 1 Hz compared to N (p = 0.04). In the RV, both ND and RT improved contractile parameters. N-T increased contraction amplitude and velocity at 1 and 5 Hz, reduced time to peak contraction at 1 and 3 Hz, and shortened relaxation time at 1 Hz compared to N, with greater relaxation velocity than both N and C-T (p < 0.02). Molecular analyses showed that RT reduced RyR2 expression in both ventricles, and ND decreased all protein levels analyzed except NCX in the RV. N-T showed lower RyR2 (p < 0.001) and PLBt (p = 0.04) expression in the LV compared to C-T. RT increased PC levels in both ventricles, and ND elevated MDA (LV and RV), PC (LV), and reduced NO (LV) and CAT (RV). N-T exhibited higher MDA levels in the LV compared to C-T (p = 0.03). Conclusion: The combination of RT and ND induced biventricular dilation and cardiac dysfunction, improved cellular contractile parameters, reduced RyR2 (LV and RV) and PLBt (LV) expression, and increased oxidative stress in both ventricles. Keywords: anabolic androgenic steroids ; resistance exercise; myocardium; oxidative stress.
Introduction: Nandrolone decanoate (ND) is commonly used by individuals engaged in resistance training (RT), but its combined effects on the heart are not fully understood. Aim: To investigate the effects of RT and ND on cardiac morphophysiology, molecular and mechanical properties, and redox balance in isolated cardiomyocytes of Wistar rats. Methods: Thirty-two Wistar rats (12 weeks old; 333 ± 14 g) were equally divided into four groups: control (C), trained control (C- T), ND (N), and trained ND (N-T). Groups N and N-T received 20 mg/kg/week of ND, while C and C-T received saline solution (0.4 ml/kg/week), over eight weeks. RT was performed 3 times/week, consisting of 4–9 ladder climbs carrying progressively 50–100% of the maximal load, with 30 g increments until failure. Cardiac morphophysiology was assessed by echocardiography; cardiomyocyte contractility from left (LV) and right (RV) ventricles was evaluated using a borders-detection system at 1, 3, 5, and 7 Hz; protein expression levels of ryanodine receptor type 2 (RyR2), sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²?-ATPase (SERCA2a), sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX), and total phospholamban (PLBt) were measured by enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); and levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), nitric oxide (NO), protein carbonyls (PC), malondialdehyde (MDA), and antioxidant capacity (FRAP) were analyzed in both ventricles. Results: The N-T group showed increased ventricular diameters and septal thickness, reduced ejection and fractional shortening, and impaired RV systolic function compared to N (p = 0.04). N-T also exhibited increased volume and width of LV cardiomyocytes compared to C-T (p = 0.04). In the LV, isolated ND did not affect cellular contractility, whereas RT improved the parameters. N-T showed increased contraction amplitude and velocity at 5 Hz (p = 0.04), and enhanced relaxation velocity at 1, 3, and 5 Hz (p < 0.01), along with shorter time to peak contraction and 50% relaxation at 1 Hz compared to N (p = 0.04). In the RV, both ND and RT improved contractile parameters. N-T increased contraction amplitude and velocity at 1 and 5 Hz, reduced time to peak contraction at 1 and 3 Hz, and shortened relaxation time at 1 Hz compared to N, with greater relaxation velocity than both N and C-T (p < 0.02). Molecular analyses showed that RT reduced RyR2 expression in both ventricles, and ND decreased all protein levels analyzed except NCX in the RV. N-T showed lower RyR2 (p < 0.001) and PLBt (p = 0.04) expression in the LV compared to C-T. RT increased PC levels in both ventricles, and ND elevated MDA (LV and RV), PC (LV), and reduced NO (LV) and CAT (RV). N-T exhibited higher MDA levels in the LV compared to C-T (p = 0.03). Conclusion: The combination of RT and ND induced biventricular dilation and cardiac dysfunction, improved cellular contractile parameters, reduced RyR2 (LV and RV) and PLBt (LV) expression, and increased oxidative stress in both ventricles. Keywords: anabolic androgenic steroids ; resistance exercise; myocardium; oxidative stress.
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MORAES, Alexa Alves de. Efeitos do treinamento físico resistido e da utilização de decanoato de nandrolona sobre a morfofisiologia cardíaca, propriedades moleculares, mecânicas e balanço redox em cardiomiócitos isolados de ratos Wistar. 2025. 130 f. Tese (Doutorado em Educação Física) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2025.
