Contribuição das características estruturais e bioquímicas na resistência ao alumínio, em duas espécies do cerrado
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
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A despeito da presença de alumínio (Al) nos solos, as plantas do cerrado apresentam estratégias mitigadoras dos efeitos nocivos deste metal que é tóxico para a maioria das plantas. Boa parte das informações sobre as espécies do cerrado se referem a plantas que acumulam grande concentração de Al na parte aérea as quais estão distribuídas especialmente nas famílias Rubiaceae, Vochysiaceae e Melastomataceae. Este estudo objetivou avaliar as características estruturais e bioquímicas envolvidas na resistência ao Al em espécie acumuladora de Al Symplocos nitens (Symplocaceae) e compará-las com as de Pera glabrata (Peraceae) espécie não acumuladora de Al. Para tanto, plantas foram coletadas em uma área do cerrado senso strictu, sob Latossolo Amarelo, na Floresta Nacional (FLONA) de Paraopeba. Foram realizadas análises anatômicas, nutricionais e bioquímicas de folhas de primeiro, terceiro e quinto nós de ambas as espécies. Apesar de algumas semelhanças qualitativas, como mesofilo dorsiventral, folhas hipoestomáticas e presença de idioblastos contendo drusas na lâmina foliar, as folhas de P. glabrata e S. nitens diferem em parâmetros quantitativos, especialmente em folhas de terceiro e quinto nós. A diferença mais marcante foi a espessura da parede periclinal externa das células epidérmicas, que chega a ser até duas vezes mais espessa em folhas de S. nitens que em P. glabrata. Por outro lado, a espessura da cutícula propriamente dita e parênquima paliçádico é maior em folhas de P. glabrata. O Al se concentra principalmente nas células epidérmicas e do colênquima em folhas de S. nitens, ocorrendo maior concentração desse elemento nas folhas do quinto nó, com elevados teores relativos do metal nas células epidérmicas. Em P. glabrata o baixo teor de Al não foi alterado entre as folhas dos diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento. Apesar de não acumular Al, P. glabrata tanslocou pequena quantidade do metal para suas folhas e, pelo mapeamento com EDS, foi possível observar uma sobreposição com o Si, indicando um possível papel desse elemento na detoxificação do Al que é translocado para a parte aérea dessa planta. Os compostos fenólicos apresentam distribuição mais homogênea entre os tecidos foliares de P. glabrata e mais concentrada na epiderme em S. nitens. O teor desses compostos só variou nas folhas jovens de P. glabrata, onde foi maior, sugerindo um papel anti- herbivoria importante nessa espécie. Em folhas jovens de S. nitens não foi verificada essa diferença e, nessa espécie, sugerimos que os compostos fenólicos presente nas células epidérmicas pode também atuar na resistência, agindo como um agente quelante do metal. O padrão de acúmulo dos macronutrientes é similar entre as espécies, a exceção do N, cuja concentração é muito maior em folhas jovens de P. glabrata, e o Ca com maior concentração em folhas jovens de S. nitens. Dada a grande quantidade desse elemento em folhas jovens de S. nitens, sugerimos que o Ca também pode estar envolvido na detoxificação do Al nessa espécie. A concentração de aminoácidos foi maior em folhas de primeiro nó de ambas as espécies, embora a concentração de proteínas não tenha variado entre as folhas de S. nitens. Em relação aos pigmentos fotossintetizantes, folhas de P. glabrata investem em carotenoides enquanto as de S. nitens em clorofila b, indicando diferentes formas de proteção do aparato fotossintético conta o excessso de radiação luminosa. Nossos resultados corroboram o que tem sido verificado em outros estudos e mostram que as maiores concentrações de Al em S. nitens são encontradas em folhas mais velhas. Acreditamos que esse padrão de distribuição esteja intimamente relacionado com a espessura da parede celular das células epidérmicas de S. nitens, em especial das camadas cuticulares, que aumenta consideravelmente a medida que a folha envelhece e atua como sítio preferencial de acúmulo do metal. Confirmamos o caráter não acumulador de P. glabrata e, uma vez que a concentração de Al não variou entre as folhas, sugerimos que essa espécie utiliza um eficiente mecanismo de exclusão de Al em suas raízes, que precisa ser melhor compreendido.
Despite the presence of aluminum (Al) in soils, cerrado plants present strategies that mitigate the harmful effects of the metal that is toxic to most plants. Much of the information on cerrado species refers to plants that accumulate high concentration of Al in the aerial part, which are distributed especially in the families Rubiaceae, Vochysiaceae and Melastomataceae. This study aimed to evaluate the structural and biochemical characteristics involved in resistance to Al in accumulating species of Al Symplocos nitens (Symplocaceae) and to compare them with those of Pera glabrata (Peraceae) non Al accumulating species. For that, plants were collected in an area of the cerrado sensu strictu under Yellow Latosol in the National Forest of Paraopeba. Anatomical, nutritional and biochemical analyzes of first, third and fifth nodes of both species were performed. In spite of some qualitative similarities, such as dorsiventral mesophyll, hypoestomatic leaves and presence of druid-containing idioblasts on the leaf blade, P. glabrata and S. nitens leaves differ in quantitative parameters, especially in third and fifth node leaves. The most striking difference was the thickness of the external periclinal wall of the epidermal cells, which is up to twice as thick in leaves of S. nitens as in P. glabrata. On the other hand, the thickness of the cuticle and palisade parenchyma is greater in leaves of P. glabrata. Al is mainly concentrated in the epidermal cells and the colenchyma in leaves of S. nitens, occurring higher concentration of this element in the leaves of the fifth node, with high relative contents of the metal in the epidermal cells. In P. glabrata the low Al content was not altered between the leaves of the different stages of development. In spite of not accumulating Al, P. glabrata tanslocated small amount of the metal to its leaves and, through the mapping with EDS, it was possible to observe an overlap with the Si, indicating a possible role of this element in the detoxification of the Al that is translocated to the aerial part of this plant. The phenolic compounds present a more homogeneous distribution between P. glabrata leaf tissues and more concentrated in the epidermis in S. nitens. The content of these compounds varied only in young leaves of P. glabrata, where it was higher, suggesting an important anti-herbivory role in this species. In young leaves of S. nitens this difference was not verified and in this species we suggest that the phenolic compounds present in the epidermal cells may also act on the resistance acting as a chelating agent of the metal. The pattern of macronutrient accumulation is similar among species, with the exception of N, whose concentration is much higher in young leaves of P. glabrata, and Ca with higher concentration in young leaves of S. nitens. Given the large amount of this element in young leaves of S. nitens, we suggest that Ca may also be involved in the detoxification of Al in this species. The concentration of amino acids was higher in first node leaves of both species, although the concentration of proteins did not vary among the leaves of S. nitens. In relation to the photosynthetic pigments, leaves of P. glabrata invest in carotenoids whereas those of S. nitens in chlorophyll b, indicating different forms of protection of the photosynthetic apparatus, counts the excess of light radiation. Our results corroborate with what has been verified in other studies, and show that the highest concentrations of Al in S. nitens are found in older leaves. We believe that this pattern of distribution is closely related to the thickness of the cell wall of epidermal cells of S. nitens, especially the cuticular layers, which increases considerably as the leaf ages and acts as the preferred site of accumulation of the metal. We confirmed the non-accumulating character of P. glabrata and, since the concentration of Al did not vary between leaves, we suggest that this species uses an efficient mechanism of Al exclusion in its roots, which needs to be better understood.
Despite the presence of aluminum (Al) in soils, cerrado plants present strategies that mitigate the harmful effects of the metal that is toxic to most plants. Much of the information on cerrado species refers to plants that accumulate high concentration of Al in the aerial part, which are distributed especially in the families Rubiaceae, Vochysiaceae and Melastomataceae. This study aimed to evaluate the structural and biochemical characteristics involved in resistance to Al in accumulating species of Al Symplocos nitens (Symplocaceae) and to compare them with those of Pera glabrata (Peraceae) non Al accumulating species. For that, plants were collected in an area of the cerrado sensu strictu under Yellow Latosol in the National Forest of Paraopeba. Anatomical, nutritional and biochemical analyzes of first, third and fifth nodes of both species were performed. In spite of some qualitative similarities, such as dorsiventral mesophyll, hypoestomatic leaves and presence of druid-containing idioblasts on the leaf blade, P. glabrata and S. nitens leaves differ in quantitative parameters, especially in third and fifth node leaves. The most striking difference was the thickness of the external periclinal wall of the epidermal cells, which is up to twice as thick in leaves of S. nitens as in P. glabrata. On the other hand, the thickness of the cuticle and palisade parenchyma is greater in leaves of P. glabrata. Al is mainly concentrated in the epidermal cells and the colenchyma in leaves of S. nitens, occurring higher concentration of this element in the leaves of the fifth node, with high relative contents of the metal in the epidermal cells. In P. glabrata the low Al content was not altered between the leaves of the different stages of development. In spite of not accumulating Al, P. glabrata tanslocated small amount of the metal to its leaves and, through the mapping with EDS, it was possible to observe an overlap with the Si, indicating a possible role of this element in the detoxification of the Al that is translocated to the aerial part of this plant. The phenolic compounds present a more homogeneous distribution between P. glabrata leaf tissues and more concentrated in the epidermis in S. nitens. The content of these compounds varied only in young leaves of P. glabrata, where it was higher, suggesting an important anti-herbivory role in this species. In young leaves of S. nitens this difference was not verified and in this species we suggest that the phenolic compounds present in the epidermal cells may also act on the resistance acting as a chelating agent of the metal. The pattern of macronutrient accumulation is similar among species, with the exception of N, whose concentration is much higher in young leaves of P. glabrata, and Ca with higher concentration in young leaves of S. nitens. Given the large amount of this element in young leaves of S. nitens, we suggest that Ca may also be involved in the detoxification of Al in this species. The concentration of amino acids was higher in first node leaves of both species, although the concentration of proteins did not vary among the leaves of S. nitens. In relation to the photosynthetic pigments, leaves of P. glabrata invest in carotenoids whereas those of S. nitens in chlorophyll b, indicating different forms of protection of the photosynthetic apparatus, counts the excess of light radiation. Our results corroborate with what has been verified in other studies, and show that the highest concentrations of Al in S. nitens are found in older leaves. We believe that this pattern of distribution is closely related to the thickness of the cell wall of epidermal cells of S. nitens, especially the cuticular layers, which increases considerably as the leaf ages and acts as the preferred site of accumulation of the metal. We confirmed the non-accumulating character of P. glabrata and, since the concentration of Al did not vary between leaves, we suggest that this species uses an efficient mechanism of Al exclusion in its roots, which needs to be better understood.
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SILVA, Ivanilson Lucena da. Contribuição das características estruturais e bioquímicas na resistência ao alumínio, em duas espécies do cerrado. 2019. 39 f. Tese (Doutorado em Botânica) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2019.
