Biorrefinaria de lignina kraft modificada termicamente e fracionada para redução de emissão de formaldeído em adesivo a base de ureia
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
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O adesivo ureia-formaldeído é amplamente empregado na indústria de painéis reconstituídos de madeira devido à sua versatilidade e custo acessível. No entanto, suas principais desvantagens são a baixa resistência a umidade, que compromete sua resistência, e a emissão de formaldeído, uma substância cancerígena. Várias pesquisas são desenvolvidas para melhorar estes aspectos, com destaque para a adição de lignina na síntese do adesivo. O desafio para a utilização da lignina está relacionado à sua estrutura química complexa e com baixa reatividade, sendo necessário a realização de modificações químicas para melhorar seu desempenho para a aplicação na síntese adesiva. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a adição de lignina kraft modificada termicamente e fracionada com solvente orgânico na síntese do adesivo de ureia- formaldeído. A dissertação está estruturada em três capítulos. O Capítulo 1 apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica sobre adesivo ureia-formaldeído, emissão de formaldeído e modificações da lignina para a aumentar a sua reatividade e homogeneidade, com foco na aplicação em adesivos. No capítulo 2, foi realizado o tratamento térmico do licor negro e posteriormente a precipitação da lignina kraft para ser utilizada na síntese adesiva. Foram produzidas formulações adesivas com diferentes porcentagens (0,5; 1,0 e 2,0%) de substituição de ureia pela lignina. Os adesivos foram caracterizados e a emissão de formaldeído foi quantificada. No capítulo 3, foi realizado o fracionamento com metanol da lignina kraft extraída do licor negro tratado termicamente. Foram sintetizados adesivos a base de ureia com diferentes porcentagens de substituição da ureia pela lignina fracionada (0,5; 1,0 e 2,0%), em duas etapas diferentes da síntese (inicial ou final). Por fim, avaliou-se as propriedades reológicas, mecânicas e a emissão de formaldeído dos adesivos produzidos. Dentre os resultados obtidos, o tratamento térmico do licor negro promoveu a desmetilação/desmetoxilação da lignina, caracterizando-a com grupos funcionais mais reativos. Os adesivos produzidos com essa lignina, tiveram incremento da viscosidade e redução do tempo de trabalho e armazenamento. A resistência ao cisalhamento dos adesivos formulados com 0,5% de lignina proveniente do licor negro tratado termicamente foi até 27% superior a testemunha e teve redução de até 97% na emissão de formaldeído. O fracionamento da lignina resultou em uma lignina com frações de massa molecular mais homogênea e menor teor de cinzas. As formulações adesivas produzidas com a lignina fracionada tiveram redução da viscosidade e do tempo de trabalho e aumento no tempo de armazenamento. A resistência ao cisalhamento dos adesivos com a lignina fracionada foi superior ao adesivo de ureia-formaldeído, com incremento de desempenho de até 41%, sendo os produzidos com a adição de lignina no início da reação de síntese os melhores resultados. A emissão de formaldeído foi reduzida em torno de até 88% para os adesivos com a lignina fracionada, para ambas as etapas de substituição. A utilização da lignina modificada quimicamente através do tratamento térmico do licor negro e do fracionamento na síntese adesiva, promoveu melhorias nas propriedades de resistência ao cisalhamento e redução da emissão de formaldeído livre, sendo uma alternativa para melhoria dos adesivos a base de ureia. Palavras-chave: Desmetilação; Desmetoxilação; Fracionamento com solvente; Resistência mecânica.
Urea-formaldehyde adhesive is widely used in the reconstituted wood panel industry due to its versatility and affordable cost. However, its main disadvantages are its low resistance to moisture, which compromises its strength, and the emission of formaldehyde, a carcinogenic substance. Several studies are being carried out to improve these aspects, with emphasis on the addition of lignin in the synthesis of the adhesive. The challenge for using lignin is related to its complex chemical structure and low reactivity, requiring chemical modifications to improve its performance for application in adhesive synthesis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the addition of thermally modified and fractionated kraft lignin with an organic solvent in the synthesis of urea-formaldehyde adhesive. The dissertation is structured into three chapters. Chapter 1 presents a literature review on urea-formaldehyde adhesives, formaldehyde emissions and modifications of lignin to increase its reactivity and uniformity, with a focus on applications in adhesives. In Chapter 2, the black liquor was thermal treated and subsequently kraft lignin was precipitated to be used in adhesive synthesis. Adhesive formulations were produced with different percentages (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%) of urea replacement by lignin. The adhesives were characterized and the formaldehyde emission was quantified. In Chapter 3, the kraft lignin extracted from the thermal treated black liquor was fractionated with methanol. Urea-based adhesives were synthesized with different percentages of urea substitution by fractionated lignin (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%), in two different stages of the synthesis (beginning or end of the reaction). Finally, the rheological and mechanical properties and formaldehyde emission of the produced adhesives were evaluated. Among the results obtained, the thermal treatment of the black liquor promoted the demethylation/demethoxylation of lignin, characterizing it with more reactive functional groups. Adhesives produced with this lignin had increased viscosity and reduced working and storage time. The shear strength of adhesives formulated with 0.5% lignin from thermal treated black liquor was up to 27% higher than the control and there was a reduction of up to 97% in formaldehyde emissions. The fractionation of lignin resulted in lignin with more homogeneous molecular mass fractions and lower ash content. Adhesive formulations produced with fractionated lignin had reduced viscosity and working time and increased storage time. The shear strength of adhesives with fractionated lignin was superior to that of urea-formaldehyde adhesive, with a performance increase of up to 41%, with those produced with the addition of lignin at the beginning of the synthesis reaction having the best results. Formaldehyde emission was reduced by up to 88% for adhesives with fractionated lignin, for both substitution steps. The use of chemically modified lignin through thermal treatment of black liquor and fractionation in adhesive synthesis promoted improvements in shear strength properties and reduced free formaldehyde emission, being an alternative for improving urea-based adhesives. Keywords: Demethylation; Demethoxylation; Solvent fractionation; Mechanical strength.
Urea-formaldehyde adhesive is widely used in the reconstituted wood panel industry due to its versatility and affordable cost. However, its main disadvantages are its low resistance to moisture, which compromises its strength, and the emission of formaldehyde, a carcinogenic substance. Several studies are being carried out to improve these aspects, with emphasis on the addition of lignin in the synthesis of the adhesive. The challenge for using lignin is related to its complex chemical structure and low reactivity, requiring chemical modifications to improve its performance for application in adhesive synthesis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the addition of thermally modified and fractionated kraft lignin with an organic solvent in the synthesis of urea-formaldehyde adhesive. The dissertation is structured into three chapters. Chapter 1 presents a literature review on urea-formaldehyde adhesives, formaldehyde emissions and modifications of lignin to increase its reactivity and uniformity, with a focus on applications in adhesives. In Chapter 2, the black liquor was thermal treated and subsequently kraft lignin was precipitated to be used in adhesive synthesis. Adhesive formulations were produced with different percentages (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%) of urea replacement by lignin. The adhesives were characterized and the formaldehyde emission was quantified. In Chapter 3, the kraft lignin extracted from the thermal treated black liquor was fractionated with methanol. Urea-based adhesives were synthesized with different percentages of urea substitution by fractionated lignin (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%), in two different stages of the synthesis (beginning or end of the reaction). Finally, the rheological and mechanical properties and formaldehyde emission of the produced adhesives were evaluated. Among the results obtained, the thermal treatment of the black liquor promoted the demethylation/demethoxylation of lignin, characterizing it with more reactive functional groups. Adhesives produced with this lignin had increased viscosity and reduced working and storage time. The shear strength of adhesives formulated with 0.5% lignin from thermal treated black liquor was up to 27% higher than the control and there was a reduction of up to 97% in formaldehyde emissions. The fractionation of lignin resulted in lignin with more homogeneous molecular mass fractions and lower ash content. Adhesive formulations produced with fractionated lignin had reduced viscosity and working time and increased storage time. The shear strength of adhesives with fractionated lignin was superior to that of urea-formaldehyde adhesive, with a performance increase of up to 41%, with those produced with the addition of lignin at the beginning of the synthesis reaction having the best results. Formaldehyde emission was reduced by up to 88% for adhesives with fractionated lignin, for both substitution steps. The use of chemically modified lignin through thermal treatment of black liquor and fractionation in adhesive synthesis promoted improvements in shear strength properties and reduced free formaldehyde emission, being an alternative for improving urea-based adhesives. Keywords: Demethylation; Demethoxylation; Solvent fractionation; Mechanical strength.
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ALMEIDA, Êmilly Wakim de. Biorrefinaria de lignina kraft modificada termicamente e fracionada para redução de emissão de formaldeído em adesivo a base de ureia. 2024. 100 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência Florestal) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2024.
