Desenvolvimento de processos catalíticos para valorização da biomassa lignocelulósica por meio da síntese do furfural e de diidropiridinas de Hantzsch
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
A conscientização da sociedade sobre os problemas ambientais associados ao uso desenfreado dos recursos fósseis tem incentivado a procura pela substituição dessas matérias-primas na produção de energia, combustíveis, materiais e insumos químicos. Entre as opções disponíveis, a biomassa lignocelulósica é uma das alternativas mais promissoras, pois a partir dela é possível obter uma gama de produtos úteis, como carboidratos, compostos aromáticos, compostos furânicos, entre outros. Entre esses, pode-se destacar o furfural. Ele é uma molécula de plataforma versátil e de alto valor agregado que pode ser produzida a partir de carboidratos de cinco átomos de carbono presentes em biomassas. Diante disso, este trabalho teve como objetivos o desenvolvimento de um método para a síntese do furfural, partindo da D-xilose, da L-arabinose e da biomassa de sabugo de milho, e a síntese de diidropiridinas de Hantzsch empregando como substratos o furfural e outros compostos furânicos derivados da biomassa. Para todas essas transformações químicas foi empregado como organocatalisador o ácido p-sulfônico calix[4]areno (CX4SO3H) e aquecimento via irradiação de micro-ondas (IMO). O furfural foi obtido com 77,0% e 40,5% de rendimento a partir de D-xilose e da L- arabinose, respectivamente, ao aquecer os reagentes em sistema bifásico (acetato de butila/solução aquosa saturada de NaCl (3:1 (v/v))) a 160 °C por 10 min e usando 1,0 mol% de CX4SO3H (5% (m/m)). Já ao empregar biomassa de sabugo de milho como substrato, o furfural foi obtido com 88% de rendimento, usando o mesmo sistema bifásico citado anteriormente, aquecendo a mistura reacional a 160 °C por 60 min e usando 12,5% (m/m) de CX4SO3H. Além da síntese do furfural, ainda foi realizada a síntese de diidropiridinas empregando aldeídos furânicos derivados da biomassa lignocelulósica como substratos. Para isso, as reações foram realizadas na ausência de solvente, a 80 °C por 10 min e usando 1,0 mol% de CX4SO3H. Foram obtidas vinte e uma diidropiridinas, com rendimentos de 43 a 96%. Diante desses resultados, pode-se concluir que, além de rendimentos satisfatórios, as metodologias desenvolvidas neste trabalho apresentam várias vantagens, como tempo de reação curto, sistema catalítico reciclável, uso de um catalisador não corrosivo, pouco tóxico e processo livre de metais tóxicos. Essas características tornam estes processos desenvolvidos coerentes com os princípios da química verde. Palavras-chave: furfural; 5-hidroximetilfurfural; D-xilose; L-arabinose; hemicelulose; biomassa lignocelulósica; sabugo de milho; calix[n]areno
Society's awareness of the environmental problems associated with the unrestrained use of fossil resources has encouraged the search for replacement of these raw materials in the production of energy, fuels, materials and chemical feedstocks. Among the available options, lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most promising alternatives, since it can be used to obtain a range of useful products, such as carbohydrates, aromatic compounds and furan compounds. Among these, furfural stands out. It is a versatile platform molecule with high added value that can be produced from five-carbon carbohydrates present in biomass. Therefore, this work aimed to develop a method for the synthesis of furfural, using D-xylose, L-arabinose and corncob biomass, and the synthesis of Hantzsch dihydropyridines using furfural and other furan compounds derived from biomass as substrates. For all these chemical transformations, p-sulfonic acid calix[4]arene (CX4SO3H) was used as an organocatalyst and heating via microwave irradiation (MWI). Furfural was obtained in yield 77.0% and 40.5% from D-xylose and L-arabinose, respectively, by heating the reagents in a biphasic system (butyl acetate/saturated aqueous NaCl solution (3:1 (v/v)) at 160 °C for 10 min and using 1.0 mol% of CX4SO3H (5% wt). When using corncob biomass as substrate, furfural was obtained in 88% yield, using the same biphasic system mentioned above, heating the reaction mixture at 160 °C for 60 min and using 12.5% wt of CX4SO3H. In addition to the synthesis of furfural, the synthesis of dihydropyridines was also carried out using furanic aldehydes derived from lignocellulosic biomass as substrates. For this, the reactions were carried out in the absence of solvent, at 80 °C for 10 min and using 1.0 mol% of CX4SO3H. Twenty-one dihydropyridines were obtained, with yields ranging from 43 to 96%. Given these results, it can be concluded that, in addition to satisfactory yields, the methodologies developed in this work present several advantages, such as short reaction time, recyclable catalytic system, use of a non-corrosive, low-toxic catalyst and a process free of toxic metals. These characteristics make these developed processes consistent with the principles of green chemistry. Keywords: furfural; 5-hydroxymethylfurfural; D-xylose; L-arabinose; hemicellulose; lignocellulosic biomass; corn cob; calix[n]arene
Society's awareness of the environmental problems associated with the unrestrained use of fossil resources has encouraged the search for replacement of these raw materials in the production of energy, fuels, materials and chemical feedstocks. Among the available options, lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most promising alternatives, since it can be used to obtain a range of useful products, such as carbohydrates, aromatic compounds and furan compounds. Among these, furfural stands out. It is a versatile platform molecule with high added value that can be produced from five-carbon carbohydrates present in biomass. Therefore, this work aimed to develop a method for the synthesis of furfural, using D-xylose, L-arabinose and corncob biomass, and the synthesis of Hantzsch dihydropyridines using furfural and other furan compounds derived from biomass as substrates. For all these chemical transformations, p-sulfonic acid calix[4]arene (CX4SO3H) was used as an organocatalyst and heating via microwave irradiation (MWI). Furfural was obtained in yield 77.0% and 40.5% from D-xylose and L-arabinose, respectively, by heating the reagents in a biphasic system (butyl acetate/saturated aqueous NaCl solution (3:1 (v/v)) at 160 °C for 10 min and using 1.0 mol% of CX4SO3H (5% wt). When using corncob biomass as substrate, furfural was obtained in 88% yield, using the same biphasic system mentioned above, heating the reaction mixture at 160 °C for 60 min and using 12.5% wt of CX4SO3H. In addition to the synthesis of furfural, the synthesis of dihydropyridines was also carried out using furanic aldehydes derived from lignocellulosic biomass as substrates. For this, the reactions were carried out in the absence of solvent, at 80 °C for 10 min and using 1.0 mol% of CX4SO3H. Twenty-one dihydropyridines were obtained, with yields ranging from 43 to 96%. Given these results, it can be concluded that, in addition to satisfactory yields, the methodologies developed in this work present several advantages, such as short reaction time, recyclable catalytic system, use of a non-corrosive, low-toxic catalyst and a process free of toxic metals. These characteristics make these developed processes consistent with the principles of green chemistry. Keywords: furfural; 5-hydroxymethylfurfural; D-xylose; L-arabinose; hemicellulose; lignocellulosic biomass; corn cob; calix[n]arene
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CASTRO, Gabriel Abranches Dias. Desenvolvimento de processos catalíticos para valorização da biomassa lignocelulósica por meio da síntese do furfural e de diidropiridinas de Hantzsch. 2025. 251 f. Tese (Doutorado em Agroquímica) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2025.
