Produtividade da cultura da soja influenciada por fatores bióticos e abióticos
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2020-07-29
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
A cultura da soja Glycine max (L.) Merril está distribuída pelo mundo, sendo utilizada desde a indústria na produção de biodiesel à nutrição animal. A previsão é que o Brasil seja o maior produtor mundial até 2026. A tecnificação dos cultivos de soja é indispensável para alcançar autos indices de produtividade, contudo, podem ocorrer perdas pelo ataque de pragas e incidência de doenças, que pode ser influenciados pelas condições climáticas e nutricionais das plantas. O objetivo foi determinar a relação entre esses fatores e a produtividade de soja. Em áreas localizadas na divisa dos estados de Maranhão e Tocantins acompanhou-se 20 cultivos comercias de soja. Foi monitorado o ataque de pragas e a incidência de doenças em amostras de plantas 2 m de fileira de soja do início do desenvolvimento das plantas até cerca de 90 dias após o plantio. Dados de produtividade de soja e de elementos climáticos foram tomados nas áreas. Foi feita análise de variância e regressão linear para reconhecer os padrões observados. Os resultados mostraram que em cultivos de soja representativos da fronteira agrícola no norte do Brasil, a incidência de doenças foi afetada independentemente pela área de cultivo e o estágio fenológico das plantas, mas esses fatores interagiram na infestação por insetos-pragas. A incidência de doenças foi descrito por um modelo exponencial e teve aumento mais pronunciado após 45-50 dias após o plantio. Houve áreas de cultivo com maior percentual de plantas com sintomas de doenças (6-8%), intermediários (4-6%) e com pouca incidência (<2%). Ocorreram sintomas de antracnose, cercosporiose, mancha alvo, mela e mancha olho de rã, mas a maior incidência foi de antracnose e cercosporiose, as quais prevaleceram e que melhor explicaram a variação na incidência geral das doenças da soja. Em todas as áreas avaliadas, a infestação por insetos-praga (lagartas, mosca branca e percevejos), permaneceu baixa até 45-50 dias após os Plantio, mas depois aumentou em algumas áreas (A1, A2, A4, A5, A7, A8, A9, A12, A16, A17, A18, A19, A20) mais do que outras, com tendência a estabilizar aos 70-90 dias após o plantio. As maiores infestações ocorreram nas áreas onde (A1, A4, A5, A6, A8, A9, A1O, A11, A 14, A 15, A19, A20) nao se realizava controle de lagartas Spodoptera spp., as quais chegaram a densidades populacionais de 3 a 4 lagartas/amostra. Percevejos pentatomídeos foram bem controlados nas cultivos de soja da região. A infestação por lagartas Heliothinae (Chloridea virescens, Helicoverpa spp.) foi praticamente nula enquanto que variaram as infestações por Plusinae (e.g., Chrysodeixis includens, lagarta falsa medideira) e Anticarsia gemmatalis (lagarta da soja), mas em magnitude inferior às lagartas Spodoptera spp. A área (A17) com maior produtividades produziu 60 sacas/ha (3600 kg/ha) e as de menores (A 14, A6A 15e A10), cerca de 35 sacas /ha (2100 kg/ha). A incidência de doenças e a infestação por insetos correlacionaram negativamente com a produtividade de soja. Produziram mais as áreas de cultivo com mais precipitação pluviométrica e menos umidade relativa do ar. As chuvas correlacionaram negativamente com a infestação por insetos e a incidência de doenças. A produtividade de soja correlacionou positivamente com os teores de N e P nas folhas. A infestação por insetos e a incidência de doenças se correlacionaram negativamente com os teores de P nas plantas. As maiores produtividades foram alcançadas nas áreas com alto investimento tecnológico, tal como o uso de agricultura de precisão. As áreas com menor produtividade foram aquelas onde pouco se aplicou conhecimento técnico, com limitado planejamento e sem um programa de adubação, apesar de alto investimento em produtos fitossanitários. Esses resultados são importantes para elaborar um plano estratégico de atuação profissional e investimento na região produtora de soja da atual fronteira agrícola nas regiões norte e nordeste do Brasil. Palavras-chave: Glycine max. Insetos-pragas. Doenças fúngicas. Clima. Produtividade.
The soybean crop Glycine max (L.) is grown worldwide and its grains are used in the biodiesel industry and in human and animal nutrition. Brazil is expected to be the world's largest soybean producer by 2026, and the rational management of the soybean crop may be critical to achieve high yield to meet the needs of the growing world human population. Yield losses can occur due to attack of insect pests and incidence of diseases, which may be influenced by climate elements and plant nutritional conditions. The objective was to determine the relationship among these factors and the soybean yield. In soybean growing areas located on the border of the states of Maranhão and Tocantins, 20 soybean fields were monitored from the beginning of plant growth until about 90 days after planting. Weekly data on pest attack and disease incidence were taken from plants in 10 sampling points of 2-m soybean rows in each field. Data on climate elements and soybean were recorded for the soybean fields. Analysis of variance and linear regression were used to assess the observed patterns. The results showed that in soybean crops representative of the agricultural frontier in northern Brazil, the incidence of diseases was independently affected by the area of cultivation and the plant growth stages, but these factors interact in the infestation by insect pests. The incidence of diseases was described by an exponential model, showing more pronounced increase after 45-50 days after planting. There were areas with a higher percentage of plants with symptoms of diseases (6-8%), intermediate (4-6%) and with little incidence (<2%). Symptoms of anthracnose, cercosporiosis, target spot, blight, and frog's eye spot occurred, but the highest incidence was anthracnose and cercosporiosis, which were the prevailing diseases and those that best explained the variation in the overall incidence of soybean diseases. In all areas assessed, the infestation by insect pests (caterpillars, whitefly and stink bugs) remained low until 45-50 days after planting, but then increased in some areas (A1, A2, A4, A5, A7, A8, A9, A12, A16, A17, A18, A19, A20) more than others, with a tendency to stabilizing 70-90 days after planting. The largest infestations occurred in areas (A1, A4, AS, A6, A8, A9, A10, A11, A 14, A 15, A19, A20) where armyworms (Spodoptera spp.) were not controlled, reaching population densities of 3 to 4 caterpillars/sample. The stink bug population were well controlled in the soybean fields. The infestation by Heliothinae caterpillars (Choridea virescens, Helicoverpa spp.) was virtually nil while the infestations by Plusinae (mainly Chrysodeixis includens, the soybean looper) and Anticarsia gemmatalis (the velvetbean caterpillar) varied but in magnitude lower than the armyworms. The areas (A 17) with the highest yields produced 60 bags/ha (3600 kg/ha) and those with smallest ones (A 14, A6 A15 e A10), did about 35 bags/ha (2100 kg/ha). Disease incidence and insect infestation were negatively correlated with soybean yield. The areas with more rainfall volume and less relative humidity had higher soybean yield. Rainfall was negatively correlated with insect infestation and disease incidence. Soybean yield positively correlated with N and P contents in soybean leaves. Insect infestation and the incidence of diseases were negatively correlated to P content in soybean plants but not with other macronutrients. The highest soybean yield was achieved in areas with high technological investment, such as the use of precision agriculture. The areas with the lowest yield were those where limited technical knowledge was applied, with limited planning and without a fertilization program, despite high investment in pesticides. These results can help develop a strategic plan of professional action and investment in the soybean producing region in the agricultural frontier region in northern and northeastern Brazil. Keywords: Glycine max. Insects. Diseases. Climate. Yield.
The soybean crop Glycine max (L.) is grown worldwide and its grains are used in the biodiesel industry and in human and animal nutrition. Brazil is expected to be the world's largest soybean producer by 2026, and the rational management of the soybean crop may be critical to achieve high yield to meet the needs of the growing world human population. Yield losses can occur due to attack of insect pests and incidence of diseases, which may be influenced by climate elements and plant nutritional conditions. The objective was to determine the relationship among these factors and the soybean yield. In soybean growing areas located on the border of the states of Maranhão and Tocantins, 20 soybean fields were monitored from the beginning of plant growth until about 90 days after planting. Weekly data on pest attack and disease incidence were taken from plants in 10 sampling points of 2-m soybean rows in each field. Data on climate elements and soybean were recorded for the soybean fields. Analysis of variance and linear regression were used to assess the observed patterns. The results showed that in soybean crops representative of the agricultural frontier in northern Brazil, the incidence of diseases was independently affected by the area of cultivation and the plant growth stages, but these factors interact in the infestation by insect pests. The incidence of diseases was described by an exponential model, showing more pronounced increase after 45-50 days after planting. There were areas with a higher percentage of plants with symptoms of diseases (6-8%), intermediate (4-6%) and with little incidence (<2%). Symptoms of anthracnose, cercosporiosis, target spot, blight, and frog's eye spot occurred, but the highest incidence was anthracnose and cercosporiosis, which were the prevailing diseases and those that best explained the variation in the overall incidence of soybean diseases. In all areas assessed, the infestation by insect pests (caterpillars, whitefly and stink bugs) remained low until 45-50 days after planting, but then increased in some areas (A1, A2, A4, A5, A7, A8, A9, A12, A16, A17, A18, A19, A20) more than others, with a tendency to stabilizing 70-90 days after planting. The largest infestations occurred in areas (A1, A4, AS, A6, A8, A9, A10, A11, A 14, A 15, A19, A20) where armyworms (Spodoptera spp.) were not controlled, reaching population densities of 3 to 4 caterpillars/sample. The stink bug population were well controlled in the soybean fields. The infestation by Heliothinae caterpillars (Choridea virescens, Helicoverpa spp.) was virtually nil while the infestations by Plusinae (mainly Chrysodeixis includens, the soybean looper) and Anticarsia gemmatalis (the velvetbean caterpillar) varied but in magnitude lower than the armyworms. The areas (A 17) with the highest yields produced 60 bags/ha (3600 kg/ha) and those with smallest ones (A 14, A6 A15 e A10), did about 35 bags/ha (2100 kg/ha). Disease incidence and insect infestation were negatively correlated with soybean yield. The areas with more rainfall volume and less relative humidity had higher soybean yield. Rainfall was negatively correlated with insect infestation and disease incidence. Soybean yield positively correlated with N and P contents in soybean leaves. Insect infestation and the incidence of diseases were negatively correlated to P content in soybean plants but not with other macronutrients. The highest soybean yield was achieved in areas with high technological investment, such as the use of precision agriculture. The areas with the lowest yield were those where limited technical knowledge was applied, with limited planning and without a fertilization program, despite high investment in pesticides. These results can help develop a strategic plan of professional action and investment in the soybean producing region in the agricultural frontier region in northern and northeastern Brazil. Keywords: Glycine max. Insects. Diseases. Climate. Yield.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Glycine max, Soja - Resistência a doenças e praga, Doenças fúngicas (plantas), Clima, Produtividade
Citação
SANTOS, Silas Timoteo da Silva. Produtividade da cultura da soja influenciada por fatores bióticos e abióticos. 2020. 46 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Defesa Sanitária Vegetal) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2020.
