Aspectos norteadores de políticas públicas para pagamentos por serviços ambientais
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
A degradação ambiental global compromete a provisão de serviços ecossistêmicos, impactando a economia e exigindo soluções que conciliem conservação e desenvolvimento sustentável. Na Mata Atlântica mineira, iniciativas de programas Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais (PSA) têm sido implementadas para reverter esse cenário de degradação. Entretanto, esses programas ainda são incipientes e necessitam de aprimoramentos de forma a serem alavancados no Brasil. Para potencializar os resultados destes projetos é preciso conhecer e, posteriormente, implementar políticas para enfrentar os desafios relacionados, principalmente, à governança, financiamento e engajamento local. Assim, objetivou-se apresentar aspectos norteadores de políticas públicas para pagamento por serviços ambientais. Em uma primeira parte do estudo analisou-se arranjos de PSA em seis municípios. Foi identificado que a participação de proprietários rurais ainda é limitada e que os programas carecem de indicadores de impacto de longo prazo, além de dependerem excessivamente de financiamento público. A estruturação de programas de PSA requer arranjos institucionais e processuais bem construídos, integrando diversos atores, motivações claras e capacidades técnicas, financeiras e sociais. A expansão dessas iniciativas exige maior planejamento e alinhamento com políticas públicas, garantindo a sustentabilidade e eficácia das ações. Além disso, o planejamento territorial é essencial para direcionar estratégias de conservação e restauração florestal. Utilizando análise multicritério, foram mapeadas áreas prioritárias para conservação e restauração na porção mineira do Plano Conservador da Mata Atlântica, considerando fatores ambientais e espaciais. Na outra parte do estudo foi demonstrado que a restauração de áreas degradadas, especialmente pastagens e mosaicos de usos, pode fortalecer a conectividade ecológica e a provisão de serviços ecossistêmicos, sendo essencial envolver proprietários rurais na implementação e no monitoramento das ações. Também foi identificado no estudo que a compensação de emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) no nível municipal é outra estratégia fundamental para mitigar a crise climática e obter recursos financeiros para subsidiar ações de restauração, conservação e PSA. Ao analisar o município de Extrema (MG), que implementou um modelo pioneiro de compensação de emissões, verificou-se que o PSA foi integrado ao licenciamento ambiental e que é uma forma de financiar a restauração florestal. A análise do modelo revelou a necessidade de aprimoramentos no ciclo de projetos de carbono e na adoção de um teto de emissões decrescente, garantindo reduções reais de emissões e maior transparência no mercado local de carbono. Os resultados reforçam a necessidade de estabelecimento de políticas públicas que tenham uma abordagem integrada entre PSA, restauração florestal e mercados de carbono, de forma a promover soluções mais robustas para a mitigação climática e o desenvolvimento sustentável. Palavras-chave: Mitigação climática; Plano Conservador da Mata Atlântica; Programa Conservador da Mantiqueira; Quantificação de carbono; Restauração florestal; Serviços ecossistêmicos; Tese
Global environmental degradation compromises the provision of ecosystem services, impacting the economy and requiring solutions that reconcile conservation and sustainable development. In the Atlantic Forest of Minas Gerais, initiatives of Payment for Environmental Services (PES) programs have been implemented to reverse this degradation scenario. However, these programs are still in their infancy and require improvements in order to be leveraged in Brazil. To enhance the results of these projects, it is necessary to understand and subsequently implement policies to address the challenges related mainly to governance, financing and local engagement. Thus, the objective was to present guiding aspects of public policies for payment for environmental services. In the first part of the study, PES arrangements were analyzed in six municipalities. It was identified that the participation of rural landowners is still limited and that the programs lack long-term impact indicators, in addition to being excessively dependent on public financing. The structuring of PES programs requires well-constructed institutional and procedural arrangements, integrating various actors, clear motivations and technical, financial and social capabilities. The expansion of these initiatives requires greater planning and alignment with public policies, ensuring the sustainability and effectiveness of actions. In addition, territorial planning is essential to guide forest conservation and restoration strategies. Using multicriteria analysis, priority areas for conservation and restoration were mapped in the Minas Gerais portion of the Atlantic Forest Conservation Plan, considering environmental and spatial factors. The other part of the study demonstrated that the restoration of degraded areas, especially pastures and mosaics of uses, can strengthen ecological connectivity and the provision of ecosystem services, and that it is essential to involve rural landowners in the implementation and monitoring of actions. The study also identified that offsetting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at the municipal level is another fundamental strategy to mitigate the climate crisis and obtain financial resources to subsidize restoration, conservation and PES actions. When analyzing the municipality of Extrema (MG), which implemented a pioneering emissions offsetting model, it was found that PES was integrated into environmental licensing and that it is a way to finance forest restoration. The model analysis revealed the need for improvements in the carbon project cycle and the adoption of a decreasing emissions cap, ensuring real emission reductions and greater transparency in the local carbon market. The results reinforce the need to establish public policies that have an integrated approach between PES, forest restoration and carbon markets, in order to promote more robust solutions for climate mitigation and sustainable development. Keywords: Atlantic Forest Conservator Plan; Carbon Quantification; Ecosystem Services; Forest Restoration; Mantiqueira Conservator Program; Thesis
Global environmental degradation compromises the provision of ecosystem services, impacting the economy and requiring solutions that reconcile conservation and sustainable development. In the Atlantic Forest of Minas Gerais, initiatives of Payment for Environmental Services (PES) programs have been implemented to reverse this degradation scenario. However, these programs are still in their infancy and require improvements in order to be leveraged in Brazil. To enhance the results of these projects, it is necessary to understand and subsequently implement policies to address the challenges related mainly to governance, financing and local engagement. Thus, the objective was to present guiding aspects of public policies for payment for environmental services. In the first part of the study, PES arrangements were analyzed in six municipalities. It was identified that the participation of rural landowners is still limited and that the programs lack long-term impact indicators, in addition to being excessively dependent on public financing. The structuring of PES programs requires well-constructed institutional and procedural arrangements, integrating various actors, clear motivations and technical, financial and social capabilities. The expansion of these initiatives requires greater planning and alignment with public policies, ensuring the sustainability and effectiveness of actions. In addition, territorial planning is essential to guide forest conservation and restoration strategies. Using multicriteria analysis, priority areas for conservation and restoration were mapped in the Minas Gerais portion of the Atlantic Forest Conservation Plan, considering environmental and spatial factors. The other part of the study demonstrated that the restoration of degraded areas, especially pastures and mosaics of uses, can strengthen ecological connectivity and the provision of ecosystem services, and that it is essential to involve rural landowners in the implementation and monitoring of actions. The study also identified that offsetting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at the municipal level is another fundamental strategy to mitigate the climate crisis and obtain financial resources to subsidize restoration, conservation and PES actions. When analyzing the municipality of Extrema (MG), which implemented a pioneering emissions offsetting model, it was found that PES was integrated into environmental licensing and that it is a way to finance forest restoration. The model analysis revealed the need for improvements in the carbon project cycle and the adoption of a decreasing emissions cap, ensuring real emission reductions and greater transparency in the local carbon market. The results reinforce the need to establish public policies that have an integrated approach between PES, forest restoration and carbon markets, in order to promote more robust solutions for climate mitigation and sustainable development. Keywords: Atlantic Forest Conservator Plan; Carbon Quantification; Ecosystem Services; Forest Restoration; Mantiqueira Conservator Program; Thesis
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SILVA, Valéria de Fatima. Aspectos norteadores de políticas públicas para pagamentos por serviços ambientais. 2025. 125 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência Florestal) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2025.
