Avaliação de diferentes métodos de extração de carotenoides da polpa e torta da macaúba com solventes verdes
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2024-08-29
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
A macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata) é uma palmeira nativa do Brasil, conhecida por sua alta produtividade e versatilidade no uso do fruto, o que permite a utilização integral. A polpa da macaúba é rica em óleo, fibra alimentar e carotenoides. Após a extração do óleo, obtém-se a torta, um coproduto utilizado na produção de ração animal, devido à qualidade de seu conteúdo nutricional e à ausência de fatores complexantes, como fitatos e taninos. Na literatura, ainda não foram encontrados estudos que avaliassem a otimização da extração de carotenoides da polpa e da torta da macaúba utilizando solventes Geralmente Reconhecidos como Seguros (GRAS). Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi otimizar a extração dos carotenoides presentes na polpa e na torta da macaúba, utilizando diferentes métodos, para avaliar o efeito do calor e ultrassom, e solventes GRAS. Foram realizadas análises de umidade, lipídios, cinzas, proteínas, carotenoides totais, e fibra alimentar total, incluindo suas frações insolúveis e solúveis das farinhas de polpa e torta de macaúba. Otimizações da extração de carotenoides foram realizadas com acetato de etila, etanol e álcool isopropílico, solventes verdes, para avaliação do efeito da temperatura e ultrassom na extração de carotenoides da polpa e torta de macaúba. A polpa da macaúba apresentou alto teor de umidade (33,25%), lipídios (57,59%) e fibra alimentar total (27,31%), com a maior parte das fibras sendo insolúveis (20,96%). A torta apresentou menor umidade em comparação com a polpa e um teor reduzido de lipídios (26,51%). O acetato de etila se destacou como melhor solvente para extração de carotenoides da macaúba. O ponto ótimo de extração de carotenoides totais em banho- maria (BM-efeito da temperatura/tempo) foi a 60°C por 30 minutos, obtendo um valor de 219,33 µg/g. No ultrassom (UT), a condição otimizada também foi na mesma temperatura e tempo, com frequência de 45 kHz, resultando em 277,55 µg/g. O método tradicional, utilizando acetona, apresentou a maior média de extração, com 369,21 µg/g. Para a torta, a extração sob condições otimizadas obteve uma média de carotenoides totais de 106,33 µg/g (BM) e 124,23 µg/g (UT), e de 210,96 µg/g para o método tradicional. Os resultados indicaram que os carotenoides da polpa e torta de macaúba foram extraídos de modo eficaz com acetato de etila e técnicas otimizadas, destacando o calor e o ultrassom como fatores cruciais para a eficiência, mesmo em temperaturas mais baixas. Dessa forma, carotenoides da macaúba podem ser extraídos de forma eficiente, utilizando solventes GRAS, o que estimulará sua utilização como corante natural e antioxidantes (em suplementos). O estudo também ressalta a macaúba como uma fonte promissora de compostos bioativos e propõe o aproveitamento dos resíduos da extração como fonte de fibras, contribuindo para a saúde e a sustentabilidade ambiental. Palavras-chave: Macaúba; Sustentabilidade. Compostos bioativos; Tecnologias de extração.
The macauba (Acrocomia aculeata) is a palm native to Brazil, known for its high productivity and versatility in fruit use, allowing for its full utilization. The macauba pulp is rich in oil, dietary fiber, and carotenoids. After oil extraction, the resulting pulp press- cake is a co-product used in animal feed production due to its high nutritional content and the absence of complexing factors, such as phytates and tannins.. In the literature, no studies have been found that evaluate the optimization of carotenoid extraction from macauba pulp and pulp press-cake using Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) solvents. Thus, this work aimed to optimize the extraction of carotenoids present in the pulp (MP) and pulp press-cake (PPC) of macauba using different methods to evaluate the effect of heat, ultrasound, and GRAS solvents. Analysis of moisture, lipids, ash, proteins, total carotenoids, and total dietary fiber, including its insoluble and soluble fractions, was conducted on MP and PPC flours. Carotenoid extraction optimizations were performed with ethyl acetate, ethanol, and isopropyl alcohol, green solvents, to evaluate the effect of temperature and ultrasound on the extraction of carotenoids from MP and PPC. The MP showed high moisture content (33.25%), lipids (57.59%), and total dietary fiber (27.31%), with most fibers being insoluble (20.96%). The PPC showed lower moisture content than the pulp and a reduced lipid content (26.51%). Ethyl acetate stood out as the best solvent for extracting carotenoids from macauba. The optimal point for total carotenoid extraction in a water bath (WB-temperature/time effect) was at 60°C for 30 minutes, yielding a value of 219.33 µg/g. In ultrasound (UT), the optimized condition was also at the same temperature and time, with a frequency of 45 kHz, resulting in 277.55 µg/g. The traditional method using acetone showed the highest average extraction with 369.21 µg/g. For the PPC, the extraction under optimized conditions yielded an average of 106.33 µg/g (WB) and 124.23 µg/g (UT), and 210.96 µg/g for the traditional method. The results indicated that carotenoids from MP and PPC were effectively extracted with ethyl acetate and optimized techniques, highlighting heat and ultrasound as crucial factors for efficiency, even at lower temperatures. Thus, macauba carotenoids can be efficiently extracted using GRAS solvents, promoting their application as natural colorants and antioxidants in supplements. This study also underscores macauba as a promising source of bioactive compounds and suggests the valorization of extraction residues as a fiber source, contributing to both health and environmental sustainability. Keywords: Macauba; Bioactive compounds; Extraction technologies; Sustainability.
The macauba (Acrocomia aculeata) is a palm native to Brazil, known for its high productivity and versatility in fruit use, allowing for its full utilization. The macauba pulp is rich in oil, dietary fiber, and carotenoids. After oil extraction, the resulting pulp press- cake is a co-product used in animal feed production due to its high nutritional content and the absence of complexing factors, such as phytates and tannins.. In the literature, no studies have been found that evaluate the optimization of carotenoid extraction from macauba pulp and pulp press-cake using Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) solvents. Thus, this work aimed to optimize the extraction of carotenoids present in the pulp (MP) and pulp press-cake (PPC) of macauba using different methods to evaluate the effect of heat, ultrasound, and GRAS solvents. Analysis of moisture, lipids, ash, proteins, total carotenoids, and total dietary fiber, including its insoluble and soluble fractions, was conducted on MP and PPC flours. Carotenoid extraction optimizations were performed with ethyl acetate, ethanol, and isopropyl alcohol, green solvents, to evaluate the effect of temperature and ultrasound on the extraction of carotenoids from MP and PPC. The MP showed high moisture content (33.25%), lipids (57.59%), and total dietary fiber (27.31%), with most fibers being insoluble (20.96%). The PPC showed lower moisture content than the pulp and a reduced lipid content (26.51%). Ethyl acetate stood out as the best solvent for extracting carotenoids from macauba. The optimal point for total carotenoid extraction in a water bath (WB-temperature/time effect) was at 60°C for 30 minutes, yielding a value of 219.33 µg/g. In ultrasound (UT), the optimized condition was also at the same temperature and time, with a frequency of 45 kHz, resulting in 277.55 µg/g. The traditional method using acetone showed the highest average extraction with 369.21 µg/g. For the PPC, the extraction under optimized conditions yielded an average of 106.33 µg/g (WB) and 124.23 µg/g (UT), and 210.96 µg/g for the traditional method. The results indicated that carotenoids from MP and PPC were effectively extracted with ethyl acetate and optimized techniques, highlighting heat and ultrasound as crucial factors for efficiency, even at lower temperatures. Thus, macauba carotenoids can be efficiently extracted using GRAS solvents, promoting their application as natural colorants and antioxidants in supplements. This study also underscores macauba as a promising source of bioactive compounds and suggests the valorization of extraction residues as a fiber source, contributing to both health and environmental sustainability. Keywords: Macauba; Bioactive compounds; Extraction technologies; Sustainability.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Macaúba, Compostos bioativos das plantas, Carotenoides, Extração (Química), Macaúba - Tecnologia pós-colheita, Sustentabilidade
Citação
GUERRA, Danúbia Joanes Rosa. Avaliação de diferentes métodos de extração de carotenoides da polpa e torta da macaúba com solventes verdes. 2024. 66 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2024.