Carvão ativado no tratamento de efluentes de fábricas de polpa celulósica kraft
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
A indústria de celulose possui relevância em muitos países com considerável impacto econômico, social e ambiental. O processo fabril possui um elevado consumo de água e geração de efluentes que passam por tratamento preliminar, primário e secundário. Mesmo após o tratamento, os efluentes ainda permanecem com matéria orgânica recalcitrante, cor, ecotoxicidade crônica e efeitos de desregulação endócrina. A permanência dessas características ainda são um desafio para as fábricas do setor e são temas de discussão frequente entre os órgãos de regulação ambiental e academia. Estudos têm apontado que a adição do carvão ativado (CA) no tratamento dos efluentes das fábricas melhora a eficiência do tratamento de forma a reduzir os aspectos negativos que permanecem nos efluentes. O desafio da aplicação do CA está em seu custo elevado de aquisição e forma de aplicação no sistema de tratamento das fábricas. Como o CA pode ser produzido na própria fábrica a partir de matérias primas ou resíduos gerados no processo, acredita-se que isso possa contribuir para a redução do custo de aquisição e facilitar seu uso. O CA pode ser um novo produto das fábricas que almejam se tornar biorrefinarias. Outro desafio de uso do CA está na sua forma de aplicação, fato que é discutido na tese. Ao longo dos capítulos são discutidas: as características tecnológicas do CA para uso no tratamento; o potencial de reutilização do CA com vistas a redução dos custos de aplicação; as formas de aplicação do CA no sistema de tratamento de efluentes das fábricas; e os benefícios da adição do CA na qualidade final dos efluentes, nos lodos produzidos e no desempenho do sistema de tratamento. Os resultados demonstraram que a adição do carvão ativado em pó (CAP) no reator de lodos ativados é uma alternativa promissora e melhorou o desempenho do sistema de tratamento, a qualidade final dos efluentes e as características dos lodos biológicos produzidos. O uso da tecnologia permitiu a redução do teor de matéria orgânica recalcitrante, cor, efeitos ecotoxicológicos e estrogênicos nos efluentes tradados e melhorou a sedimentabilidade e drenabilidade dos lodos biológicos. Espera-se que os resultados estimulem pesquisas futuras para a produção e uso do CA nas fábricas de polpa celulósica e isso propicie melhoria dos aspectos ambientais das fábricas. Palavras-chave: carvão ativado em pó; desregulação endócrina; efeitos crônicos; processo PACT; reator aeróbico em batelada sequencial; tratamento avançado
The pulp and paper industry holds significant relevance in many countries, with considerable economic, social and environmental impacts. The industrial process consumes large amounts of water and generates effluents that undergo preliminary, primary, and secondary treatment. Despite these treatments, effluents still contain recalcitrant organic matter, color, chronic ecotoxicity, and endocrine-disrupting effects. These persistent characteristics remain a challenge for mills in the sector and are frequent topics of discussion between environmental regulatory agencies and academia. Studies have shown that the addition of activated carbon (AC) to the effluent treatment process improves treatment efficiency by mitigating the negative aspects that persist in effluents. However, the challenge of using AC lies in its high acquisition cost and the complexity of its integration into factory treatment systems. Since AC can be produced onsite using raw materials or waste generated in the process, it is believed that this approach could reduce acquisition costs and facilitate its use. Additionally, AC could become a new product for mills aiming to transition into biorefineries. Another challenge in using AC is its method of application, which is explored in this thesis. The chapters discuss: the technological characteristics of AC for treatment purposes; the potential for AC reuse to reduce application costs; methods for applying AC in effluent treatment systems; and the benefits of AC addition in improving effluent quality, sludge characteristics, and treatment system performance. The results demonstrate that adding powdered activated carbon (PAC) to activated sludge reactors is a promising alternative to enhance treatment system performance, improve final effluent quality, and optimize the characteristics of the biological sludge produced. This technology reduced the levels of recalcitrant organic matter, color, ecotoxicological effects, and estrogenic compounds in the treated effluents and improved the sedimentability and drainability of the biological sludge. It is hoped that the findings will stimulate future research into the production and use of AC in pulp mills, contributing to improved environmental performance across the industry. Keywords: advanced treatment; aerobic sequencing batch reactor; chronic effects; endocrine disruption; PACT process; powdered activated carbon
The pulp and paper industry holds significant relevance in many countries, with considerable economic, social and environmental impacts. The industrial process consumes large amounts of water and generates effluents that undergo preliminary, primary, and secondary treatment. Despite these treatments, effluents still contain recalcitrant organic matter, color, chronic ecotoxicity, and endocrine-disrupting effects. These persistent characteristics remain a challenge for mills in the sector and are frequent topics of discussion between environmental regulatory agencies and academia. Studies have shown that the addition of activated carbon (AC) to the effluent treatment process improves treatment efficiency by mitigating the negative aspects that persist in effluents. However, the challenge of using AC lies in its high acquisition cost and the complexity of its integration into factory treatment systems. Since AC can be produced onsite using raw materials or waste generated in the process, it is believed that this approach could reduce acquisition costs and facilitate its use. Additionally, AC could become a new product for mills aiming to transition into biorefineries. Another challenge in using AC is its method of application, which is explored in this thesis. The chapters discuss: the technological characteristics of AC for treatment purposes; the potential for AC reuse to reduce application costs; methods for applying AC in effluent treatment systems; and the benefits of AC addition in improving effluent quality, sludge characteristics, and treatment system performance. The results demonstrate that adding powdered activated carbon (PAC) to activated sludge reactors is a promising alternative to enhance treatment system performance, improve final effluent quality, and optimize the characteristics of the biological sludge produced. This technology reduced the levels of recalcitrant organic matter, color, ecotoxicological effects, and estrogenic compounds in the treated effluents and improved the sedimentability and drainability of the biological sludge. It is hoped that the findings will stimulate future research into the production and use of AC in pulp mills, contributing to improved environmental performance across the industry. Keywords: advanced treatment; aerobic sequencing batch reactor; chronic effects; endocrine disruption; PACT process; powdered activated carbon
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Citation
DEL'ANTONIO, Nelson Rubens Nascimento. Carvão ativado no tratamento de efluentes de fábricas de polpa celulósica kraft. 2025. 163 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência Florestal) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2025.
