Produção de cogumelos de Pleurotus ostreatus enriquecidos com selênio e alimentação de suínos para estudos de biodisponibilidade do mineral
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
Cogumelos incorporam, a partir do substrato, diversos minerais essenciais à dieta humana, como o selênio. Este estudo objetivou avaliar a influência da adição do selênio no substrato de cultivo sobre o rendimento, composição e atividade antioxidante de cogumelos de Pleurotus ostreatus e estudar a biodisponibilidade desse mineral em leitões alimentados com rações contendo cogumelos enriquecidos. Os resultados foram apresentados em três capítulos. No primeiro, uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema permitiu concluir que a adição do selênio em baixas concentrações (até 17,5 mg kg -1 ) ao substrato de cultivo de cogumelos aumenta sua eficiência biológica, teor de proteínas e de compostos fenólicos. Além disso, esses cogumelos selenizados são antioxidantes e antitumorais. No capítulo 2 é descrito o uso de selenito de sódio (25 mg kg -1 de selênio) para enriquecer cogumelos de P. ostreatus cultivados em substratos compostos por cinco proporções de bagaços de cana-de-açúcar e de malte de cevada, imersos em solução alcalina (Ca(OH) 2 ) a 2 % (m v -1 ), visando avaliar a influência do selênio e do substrato no rendimento e na composição dos cogumelos. Somente o bagaço de cana-de-açúcar puro ou em combinação com 25 % de bagaço de malte de cevada levaram ao desenvolvimento de cogumelos, com uma eficiência biológica de 50,89 e 37,80 g 100 g -1 , respectivamente. Nos demais substratos larvas desenvolveram-se. Os cogumelos selenizados derivados daqueles substratos continham 179,07 e 127,03 µg g -1 de selênio, respectivamente. Assim, o bagaço de cana-de-açúcar foi considerado o melhor substrato para cultivo de cogumelos selenizados, nas condições testadas. No capítulo 3 descrevemos os experimentos realizados com o objetivo de avaliar se existe diferença sobre o desempenho, biodisponibilidade plasmática do mineral e atividade antioxidante plasmática e hepática de leitões desmamados alimentados com ração contendo cogumelos selenizados ou não, em comparação aos parâmetros de animais alimentados com rações contendo leveduras selenizadas (produto padrão). Para isso, 64 animais foram divididos em quatro grupos, que receberam dietas à base de farelos de milho e de soja (controle - G1), acrescida de cogumelos (G2), cogumelos selenizados (G3) ou leveduras selenizadas (G4). A dieta foi fornecida adlibitum por 21 dias. Independentemente da dieta, o teor de selênio (19,42 a 20,88 µg L -1 ) e a atividade da glutationa-peroxidase (Gpx) (75,74 a 79,09 U mL -1 ) foram similares, indicando que nenhuma dieta prejudicou o equilíbrio plasmático. No fígado, a atividade das enzimas Gpx (23,17 a 26,51 U mg proteína -1 ), catalase (23,27 a 29,28 U mg proteína -1 ) e superóxido dismutase (1,54 a 1,80 U mg proteína -1 ) foi maior nos leitões alimentados com rações contendo cogumelos (selenizados ou não) e leveduras selenizadas em comparação à dieta controle, sendo que nesse caso, a atividade das enzimas Gpx, catalase e superóxido dismutase foi de 14,55, 16,18 e 1,06 U mg proteína -1 , respectivamente. Concluímos que o consumo dos cogumelos selenizados ou não foi seguro e levou a desempenho e atividade antioxidante semelhantes à alimentação com o padrão comercial atual (levedura selenizada). Isso evidencia o potencial de uso de cogumelos como alimento e como veículo de minerais para a suplementação da alimentação animal e humana. Palavras-chave: Selenito de sódio. Produção de cogumelos. Resíduos agroindustriais. Leitões.
Mushrooms incorporate, from the substrate, several minerals essential to the human diet, such as selenium. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of selenium addition to the culture substrate on the yield, composition and antioxidant activity of Pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms and to study the bioavailability of this mineral in piglets fed rations containing enriched mushrooms. The results were presented in three chapters. In the first, a literature review on the subject concluded that the addition of selenium at low concentrations (up to 17.5 mg kg -1 ) to the mushroom growing substrate increases its biological efficiency, protein content and phenolic compounds. In addition, these selenized mushrooms are antioxidant and antitumor. Chapter 2 describes the use of sodium selenite (25 mg kg -1 of selenium) to enrich P. ostreatus mushrooms grown on substrates composed of five proportions of sugarcane bagasse and brewer’s spent grain, immersed in 2 % (m v -1 ) alkaline solution (Ca(OH) 2 ), to evaluate the influence of selenium and substrate on mushroom yield and composition. Only sugarcane bagasse alone or in combination with 25 % of brewer’s spent grain led to mushroom development with a biological efficiency of 50.89 and 37.80 g 100 g -1 , respectively. On the other substrates larvae developed. The selenized mushrooms derived from those substrates contained 179.07 and 127.03 µg g -1 of selenium, respectively. Thus, sugarcane bagasse was considered the best substrate for growing selenized mushrooms under the conditions tested. In Chapter 3 we describe the experiments carried out to evaluate whether there is difference in performance, plasma bioavailability of the mineral and plasma and liver antioxidant activity in weaned piglets fed rations containing selenized or non-selenized mushrooms compared to animals fed rations containing selenized-yeast (standard product). For this purpose, 64 animals were divided into four groups, which received diets based on corn and soybean meal (control - G1), plus mushrooms (G2), selenized mushrooms (G3) or selenized-yeast (G4). The diet was fed ad libitum for 21 days. Regardless of diet, selenium content (19.42 to 20.88 µg L - ) and glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) activity (75.74 to 79.09 U mL -1 ) were similar, indicating that no diet impaired plasma balance. In the liver, the activity of the enzymes Gpx (23.17 to 26.51 U mg protein -1 ), catalase (23.27 to 29.28 U mg protein -1 ), and superoxide dismutase(1.54 to 1, 80 U mg protein -1 ) was higher in piglets fed feeds containing mushrooms (selenized or not) and selenized-yeast compared to the control diet, in which case the activity of the enzymes Gpx, catalase and superoxide dismutase was 14.55, 16.18 and 1.06 U mg protein -1 , respectively. We conclude that consumption of the selenized or non-selenized mushrooms was safe and led to similar performance and antioxidant activity to feeding the current commercial standard (selenized-yeast). This highlights the potential for using mushrooms as a food and as a carrier of minerals for supplementation of animal and human nutrition. Keywords: Sodium selenite. Mushrooms production. By-products. Piglets.
Mushrooms incorporate, from the substrate, several minerals essential to the human diet, such as selenium. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of selenium addition to the culture substrate on the yield, composition and antioxidant activity of Pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms and to study the bioavailability of this mineral in piglets fed rations containing enriched mushrooms. The results were presented in three chapters. In the first, a literature review on the subject concluded that the addition of selenium at low concentrations (up to 17.5 mg kg -1 ) to the mushroom growing substrate increases its biological efficiency, protein content and phenolic compounds. In addition, these selenized mushrooms are antioxidant and antitumor. Chapter 2 describes the use of sodium selenite (25 mg kg -1 of selenium) to enrich P. ostreatus mushrooms grown on substrates composed of five proportions of sugarcane bagasse and brewer’s spent grain, immersed in 2 % (m v -1 ) alkaline solution (Ca(OH) 2 ), to evaluate the influence of selenium and substrate on mushroom yield and composition. Only sugarcane bagasse alone or in combination with 25 % of brewer’s spent grain led to mushroom development with a biological efficiency of 50.89 and 37.80 g 100 g -1 , respectively. On the other substrates larvae developed. The selenized mushrooms derived from those substrates contained 179.07 and 127.03 µg g -1 of selenium, respectively. Thus, sugarcane bagasse was considered the best substrate for growing selenized mushrooms under the conditions tested. In Chapter 3 we describe the experiments carried out to evaluate whether there is difference in performance, plasma bioavailability of the mineral and plasma and liver antioxidant activity in weaned piglets fed rations containing selenized or non-selenized mushrooms compared to animals fed rations containing selenized-yeast (standard product). For this purpose, 64 animals were divided into four groups, which received diets based on corn and soybean meal (control - G1), plus mushrooms (G2), selenized mushrooms (G3) or selenized-yeast (G4). The diet was fed ad libitum for 21 days. Regardless of diet, selenium content (19.42 to 20.88 µg L - ) and glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) activity (75.74 to 79.09 U mL -1 ) were similar, indicating that no diet impaired plasma balance. In the liver, the activity of the enzymes Gpx (23.17 to 26.51 U mg protein -1 ), catalase (23.27 to 29.28 U mg protein -1 ), and superoxide dismutase(1.54 to 1, 80 U mg protein -1 ) was higher in piglets fed feeds containing mushrooms (selenized or not) and selenized-yeast compared to the control diet, in which case the activity of the enzymes Gpx, catalase and superoxide dismutase was 14.55, 16.18 and 1.06 U mg protein -1 , respectively. We conclude that consumption of the selenized or non-selenized mushrooms was safe and led to similar performance and antioxidant activity to feeding the current commercial standard (selenized-yeast). This highlights the potential for using mushrooms as a food and as a carrier of minerals for supplementation of animal and human nutrition. Keywords: Sodium selenite. Mushrooms production. By-products. Piglets.
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SOUZA, Diene France de. Produção de cogumelos de Pleurotus ostreatus enriquecidos com selênio e alimentação de suínos para estudos de biodisponibilidade do mineral. 2021. 82 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2021.
