Retornando à floresta: avaliação do papel ecológico de uma ave frugívora reintroduzida
Loading...
Date
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
A defaunação em florestas tropicais tem comprometido não apenas a persistência de espécies ameaçadas, mas também processos ecológicos fundamentais, como a frugivoria e a dispersão de sementes. A reintrodução de espécies-chave têm sido uma ferramenta utilizada para recuperar viabilidades populacionais e as interações afetadas pela defaunação. Nesse trabalho, a reintrodução do mutum-do-sudeste (Crax blumenbachii) na Mata Atlântica foi avaliada como um estudo de caso, para compreender como a perda e o retorno de grandes frugívoros influenciam interações animal-planta e a regeneração florestal. Esta pesquisa foi conduzida em uma Área de Alto Valor de Conservação de 753 hectares em Minas Gerais, sudeste do Brasil, onde C. blumenbachii, um frugívoro de grande porte, foi reintroduzido. Ao combinar modelagem de nicho ecológico, levantamentos florísticos, caracterização da dieta e experimentos de germinação de sementes, esta tese examinou como as características da paisagem, da floresta e o comportamento da espécie focal influenciam a seleção de habitat, a dispersão de sementes, a germinação e o recrutamento de plântulas. No Capítulo 1, a seleção de habitat da população reintroduzida foi avaliada através de modelagem de nicho ecológico. Os resultados mostraram que, a proximidade da sede e a declividade são os principais preditores de adequação do habitat. Isso indica que, o uso do habitat é moldado por influências antrópicas e características comportamentais mais do que pela estrutura florestal, e que, em áreas mais antropizadas, a espécie pode expandir sua ocupação potencial em paisagens fragmentadas. No Capítulo 2, a dieta de C. blumenbachii foi caracterizada pela primeira vez, e foi avaliado seu potencial papel na dispersão de sementes. Os resultados indicaram uma alta riqueza de espécies consumidas, que variam sazonalmente, e com características de frutos e sementes que demonstram uma seleção baseada em disponibilidade e preferência. Os testes de germinação e a análise de distância de dispersão estimada corroboram o potencial da espécie como uma eficaz dispersora de sementes, capaz de transportar sementes viáveis por centenas de metros. No Capítulo 3, os efeitos da reintrodução na regeneração florestal foram avaliados, através da comparação entre a composição de espécies de plantas nos diferentes estratos da floresta. Observou-se uma maior dissimilaridade entre dossel e sub-bosque em áreas com maior densidade de C. blumenbachii, indicando que, embora sutis, os efeitos da reintrodução na diversificação da composição de espécies no estrato mais jovem podem ser observados. No entanto, esses efeitos não foram confirmados nas análises de riqueza de plântulas ou na abundância de espécies registradas na dieta, o que destaca os desafios de se avaliar resultados de interações animal-planta em ambientes diversos e a necessidade de monitoramento multiestágio de longo prazo. Em conjunto, as descobertas desses capítulos ressaltam a importância de integrar múltiplas linhas de evidência, como qualidade do habitat, comportamento da espécie, características funcionais e composição da comunidade, para avaliar os resultados ecológicos das reintroduções de espécies. Elas também revelam como as paisagens antropogênicas podem influenciar tanto o sucesso quanto o papel funcional das espécies reintroduzidas. De forma mais ampla, esta tese ilustra os desafios de restaurar, e até mesmo detectar, interações animal-planta, particularmente na presença de redundância funcional e respostas ecológicas difusas. Palavras-chave: Mata Atlântica; Interação animal-planta Refaunação; Cracidae; Crax blumenbachii;
Defaunation in tropical forests has compromised not only the persistence of threatened species but also key ecological processes such as frugivory and seed dispersal. The reintroduction of extirpated species has increasingly been used as a tool to restore population viability and the interactions disrupted by defaunation. In this work, the reintroduction of the red-billed curassow (Crax blumenbachii) in the Atlantic forest was evaluated as a case study to understand how the loss and return of large frugivores influence plant–animal interactions and forest regeneration. This research was carried out in a 753-ha High Conservation Value Area in Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil, where C. blumenbachii, a large-bodied frugivore, was reintroduced. By combining ecological niche modeling, floristic surveys, diet characterization, and seed-germination experiments, this thesis examined how landscape and forest attributes, together with the behavior of the focal species, shape habitat selection, seed dispersal, germination, and seedling recruitment. In Chapter 1, habitat selection by the reintroduced population was assessed through ecological niche modeling. The results showed that proximity to the headquarters and slope were the main predictors of habitat suitability. This indicates that habitat use is shaped more strongly by anthropogenic influences and behavioral traits than by forest structure, and that in more human-modified areas the species may expand its potential occupancy within fragmented landscapes. In Chapter 2, the diet of C. blumenbachii was characterized for the first time, and its potential role in seed dispersal was evaluated. The results revealed high richness of consumed plant species, with seasonal variation and fruit and seed traits indicating selection based on availability and preference. Germination trials and estimated dispersal-distance analyses corroborated the species’ potential as an effective seed disperser capable of transporting viable seeds over hundreds of meters. In Chapter 3, the effects of reintroduction on forest regeneration were evaluated by comparing plant-species composition across forest strata. Greater dissimilarity between canopy and understory assemblages was observed in areas with higher densities of C. blumenbachii, suggesting that, although subtle, the effects of reintroduction on the diversification of species composition in younger forest layers can be detected. However, these effects were not supported by analyses of seedling richness or the abundance of species recorded in the diet, highlighting the challenges of assessing plant–animal interaction outcomes in diverse environments and the need for long- term, multistage monitoring. Taken together, the findings from these chapters underscore the importance of integrating multiple lines of evidence; such as habitat quality, species behavior, functional traits, and community composition; to evaluate the ecological outcomes of species reintroductions. They also reveal how anthropogenic landscapes can influence both the success and the functional role of reintroduced species. More broadly, this thesis illustrates the challenges of restoring, and even detecting, plant–animal interactions, particularly in the presence of functional redundancy and diffuse ecological responses. Keywords: Atlantic forest ; rewilding ; Cracidae; Crax blumenbachii; animal-plant interaction
Defaunation in tropical forests has compromised not only the persistence of threatened species but also key ecological processes such as frugivory and seed dispersal. The reintroduction of extirpated species has increasingly been used as a tool to restore population viability and the interactions disrupted by defaunation. In this work, the reintroduction of the red-billed curassow (Crax blumenbachii) in the Atlantic forest was evaluated as a case study to understand how the loss and return of large frugivores influence plant–animal interactions and forest regeneration. This research was carried out in a 753-ha High Conservation Value Area in Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil, where C. blumenbachii, a large-bodied frugivore, was reintroduced. By combining ecological niche modeling, floristic surveys, diet characterization, and seed-germination experiments, this thesis examined how landscape and forest attributes, together with the behavior of the focal species, shape habitat selection, seed dispersal, germination, and seedling recruitment. In Chapter 1, habitat selection by the reintroduced population was assessed through ecological niche modeling. The results showed that proximity to the headquarters and slope were the main predictors of habitat suitability. This indicates that habitat use is shaped more strongly by anthropogenic influences and behavioral traits than by forest structure, and that in more human-modified areas the species may expand its potential occupancy within fragmented landscapes. In Chapter 2, the diet of C. blumenbachii was characterized for the first time, and its potential role in seed dispersal was evaluated. The results revealed high richness of consumed plant species, with seasonal variation and fruit and seed traits indicating selection based on availability and preference. Germination trials and estimated dispersal-distance analyses corroborated the species’ potential as an effective seed disperser capable of transporting viable seeds over hundreds of meters. In Chapter 3, the effects of reintroduction on forest regeneration were evaluated by comparing plant-species composition across forest strata. Greater dissimilarity between canopy and understory assemblages was observed in areas with higher densities of C. blumenbachii, suggesting that, although subtle, the effects of reintroduction on the diversification of species composition in younger forest layers can be detected. However, these effects were not supported by analyses of seedling richness or the abundance of species recorded in the diet, highlighting the challenges of assessing plant–animal interaction outcomes in diverse environments and the need for long- term, multistage monitoring. Taken together, the findings from these chapters underscore the importance of integrating multiple lines of evidence; such as habitat quality, species behavior, functional traits, and community composition; to evaluate the ecological outcomes of species reintroductions. They also reveal how anthropogenic landscapes can influence both the success and the functional role of reintroduced species. More broadly, this thesis illustrates the challenges of restoring, and even detecting, plant–animal interactions, particularly in the presence of functional redundancy and diffuse ecological responses. Keywords: Atlantic forest ; rewilding ; Cracidae; Crax blumenbachii; animal-plant interaction
Description
Citation
RUFINO, Maria Paula Miranda Xavier. Retornando à floresta: avaliação do papel ecológico de uma ave frugívora reintroduzida. 2025. 126 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência Florestal) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2025.
