Efeitos de diferentes tipos de treinamento físico aeróbio sobre a morfologia, função e propriedades mecânicas do coração de ratos hipertensos
Arquivos
Data
2019-08-16
Autores
Suarez, Pedro Zavagli
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Editor
Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
A hipertensão arterial (HA) é uma condição clínica multifatorial caracterizada por nível elevado e sustentado de pressão arterial (PA). O exercício físico aeróbio regular provoca adaptações autonômicas e hemodinâmicas que vão influenciar o sistema cardiovascular, contribuindo para redução da PA. O treinamento aeróbio contínuo de intensidade moderada (MICT), tem sido o mais indicado para sujeitos com HA, com intensidade variando de 40-60% do consumo máximo de oxigênio. Porém, nos últimos anos, estudos mostraram a eficácia do treinamento aeróbio intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT) como tratamento para HA. Objetivos: Avaliar os efeitos de diferentes tipos de treinamento físico aeróbio sobre a morfologia, função e propriedades mecânicas do coração de ratos hipertensos. Metodologia: Ratos normotensos (Wistar) e hipertensos (SHR) com 16 semanas de idade foram distribuídos em 6 grupos (n=8): WIS CONT e SHR CONT – normotensos e hipertensos que não foram submetidos a treinamento físico aeróbio por 8 semanas; WIS MICT e SHR MICT – normotensos e hipertensos treinados pelo método contínuo a 60% da velocidade máxima de corrida, em esteira rolante, 30 min por dia, 5 dias por semana, por 8 semanas; WIS HIIT e SHR HIIT – normotensos e hipertensos treinados pelo método intervalado, sendo 20 repetições de 30 segundos a 90%, seguidas por 1 min a 45% da velocidade máxima de corrida, 5 dias por semana, por 8 semanas. A morfologia e função cardíaca foram avaliadas por ecocardiograma. A frequência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), diastólica (PAD) e média (PAM) foram medidas por pletismografia de cauda. O tempo total de exercício até a fadiga (TTF) foi determinado através de um teste máximo de corrida. Após os tratamentos, a eutanásia foi realizada por decapitação e o coração retirado, lavado e canulado pela artéria aorta em um sistema de perfusão. Os cardiomiócitos do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) foram isolados por digestão enzimática, utilizando-se colagenase. Para registro do transiente intracelular global de Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i), os cardiomiócitos foram incubados com o indicador fluorescente de Ca2+, Fura-2 ácido aminopolicarboxílico. A contração celular foi determinada pela técnica de alteração do comprimento dos cardiomiócitos, usando-se um sistema de detecção de bordas. As medidas foram feitas utilizando-se um microscópio invertido equipado com uma lente objetiva de imersão em óleo. Utilizou-se estimulação elétrica de campo nas frequências de 3, 5 e 7 Hz, temperatura de ~ 37oC. Resultados: Ambos os programas de treinamento aumentaram o TTF. Nos SHR, o MICT reduziu a FC de repouso, tendeu a diminuir a PAS, diminuiu a PAD, a PAM, a espessura do septo interventricular tanto na sístole quanto na diástole e diminuiu a amplitude de contração na estimulação de 5 Hz. O HIIT aumentou o peso do coração e as espessuras da parede do ventrículo esquerdo, tanto em sístole quanto em diástole, reduziu a PAS e tendeu a diminuir a PAM, além de diminuir o tempo para o pico de [Ca2+]i em todas as frequências de estimulação. Conclusão: Ambos os protocolos de treinamento promoveram adaptações benéficas sobre a morfologia, função e propriedades mecânicas do coração de ratos hipertensos. Palavras-chave: Hipertensão. Exercício físico. Cardiomiócitos. Contratilidade celular. Transiente de cálcio.
Introduction: Hypertension (AH) is a multifactorial clinical condition characterized by sustained high blood pressure (BP). Aerobic exercise causes regular autonomic and hemodynamic adaptations that will influence the cardiovascular system, contributing to BP reduction. Moderate continuous intensity aerobic training (MICT) has been the most suitable for individuals with hypertension, with a variable intensity of 40-60% of maximal oxygen uptake. However, in recent years, studies have shown the effectiveness of high intensity interval aerobic training (HIIT) as a treatment for hypertension. Objectives: To evaluate the effects of different types of aerobic exercise training on heart morphology, function and mechanical properties of hypertensive rats. Methodology: 16-week-old normotensive (Wistar) and hypertensive (SHR) rats were divided into 6 groups (n = 8): WIS CONT and SHR CONT - normotensive and hypertensive rats that did not undergo aerobic exercise training for 8 weeks; WIS MICT and SHR MICT - normotensive and hypertensive trained by continuous method at 60% of maximum running speed on treadmill, 30 min per day, 5 days per week for 8 weeks; WIS HIIT and SHR HIIT - normotensive and hypertensive trained by the interval method, with 20 repetitions of 30 seconds at 90%, followed by 1 min at 45% of the maximum running speed, 5 days a week, for 8 weeks. Heart morphology and function were assessed by echocardiography. Heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP) and mean (MAP) blood pressure were measured by tail plethysmography. Total exercise time to fatigue (TTF) was determined by a maximal running test. After the treatments, euthanasia was performed by decapitation and the heart was removed, washed and cannulated by the aorta in a perfusion system. Left ventricular (LV) cardiomyocytes were isolated by enzymatic digestion using collagenase. To record the global intracellular Ca2+ transient ([Ca2+]i), cardiomyocytes were incubated with the Ca2+ fluorescent indicator, Fura-2 aminopolicarboxylic acid. Cellular contraction was determined by the technique of altering the length of cardiomyocytes using an edge detection system. Measurements were made using an inverted microscope equipped with an objective oil immersion lens. Field electric stimulation was used at frequencies of 3, 5 and 7 Hz, temperature of ~ 37oC. Results: Both training programs increased the TTF. In SHR, MICT reduced resting HR, tended to decrease SBP, decreased DBP, MAP, interventricular septal thickness in both systole and diastole and decreased the amplitude of contraction at 5 Hz stimulation. HIIT increased heart weight and left ventricular wall thickness, both in systole and diastole, reduced SBP and tended to decrease MBP and decreased the time to peak [Ca2+]i at all pacing frequencies. Conclusion: Both training protocols promoted beneficial adaptations on heart morphology, function and mechanical properties of hypertensive rats. Keywords: Hypertension. Physical exercise. Cardiomyocytes. Cellular contractility. Calcium transient.
Introduction: Hypertension (AH) is a multifactorial clinical condition characterized by sustained high blood pressure (BP). Aerobic exercise causes regular autonomic and hemodynamic adaptations that will influence the cardiovascular system, contributing to BP reduction. Moderate continuous intensity aerobic training (MICT) has been the most suitable for individuals with hypertension, with a variable intensity of 40-60% of maximal oxygen uptake. However, in recent years, studies have shown the effectiveness of high intensity interval aerobic training (HIIT) as a treatment for hypertension. Objectives: To evaluate the effects of different types of aerobic exercise training on heart morphology, function and mechanical properties of hypertensive rats. Methodology: 16-week-old normotensive (Wistar) and hypertensive (SHR) rats were divided into 6 groups (n = 8): WIS CONT and SHR CONT - normotensive and hypertensive rats that did not undergo aerobic exercise training for 8 weeks; WIS MICT and SHR MICT - normotensive and hypertensive trained by continuous method at 60% of maximum running speed on treadmill, 30 min per day, 5 days per week for 8 weeks; WIS HIIT and SHR HIIT - normotensive and hypertensive trained by the interval method, with 20 repetitions of 30 seconds at 90%, followed by 1 min at 45% of the maximum running speed, 5 days a week, for 8 weeks. Heart morphology and function were assessed by echocardiography. Heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP) and mean (MAP) blood pressure were measured by tail plethysmography. Total exercise time to fatigue (TTF) was determined by a maximal running test. After the treatments, euthanasia was performed by decapitation and the heart was removed, washed and cannulated by the aorta in a perfusion system. Left ventricular (LV) cardiomyocytes were isolated by enzymatic digestion using collagenase. To record the global intracellular Ca2+ transient ([Ca2+]i), cardiomyocytes were incubated with the Ca2+ fluorescent indicator, Fura-2 aminopolicarboxylic acid. Cellular contraction was determined by the technique of altering the length of cardiomyocytes using an edge detection system. Measurements were made using an inverted microscope equipped with an objective oil immersion lens. Field electric stimulation was used at frequencies of 3, 5 and 7 Hz, temperature of ~ 37oC. Results: Both training programs increased the TTF. In SHR, MICT reduced resting HR, tended to decrease SBP, decreased DBP, MAP, interventricular septal thickness in both systole and diastole and decreased the amplitude of contraction at 5 Hz stimulation. HIIT increased heart weight and left ventricular wall thickness, both in systole and diastole, reduced SBP and tended to decrease MBP and decreased the time to peak [Ca2+]i at all pacing frequencies. Conclusion: Both training protocols promoted beneficial adaptations on heart morphology, function and mechanical properties of hypertensive rats. Keywords: Hypertension. Physical exercise. Cardiomyocytes. Cellular contractility. Calcium transient.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Exercícios físicos, Hipertensão, Mócitos cardíacos, Contração miocárdica, Cálcio - Transporte fisiológico
Citação
SUAREZ, Pedro Zavagli. Efeitos de diferentes tipos de treinamento físico aeróbio sobre a morfologia, função e propriedades mecânicas do coração de ratos hipertensos. 2019. 65 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Educação Física) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2019.