Importância dos mecanismos de resposta aos danos ao DNA na tolerância ao arsênio em plantas
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
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A manutenção da integridade do DNA é um desafio vital para os organismos. Estudos sugerem que a exposição ao arsênio (As) induz efeitos genotóxicos em células eucarióticas. Em plantas, um dos principais efeitos fenotípicos da toxicidade por As é a inibição do crescimento radicular, que pode ocorrer por meio da interrupção das divisões celulares. Todavia, ainda não está claro se, e em que extensão, essa inibição está relacionada a danos ao DNA e aos mecanismos de reparo. Tais mecanismos são induzidos por reações de fosforilação dependentes e independentes do fator de transcrição Suppressor of Gamma-response 1 (SOG1), culminando na interrupção de fases do ciclo celular. Com efeito, a toxicidade causada pelo As interfere no metabolismo energético pela substituição do fosfato por arsenato, desestabilizando o ATP e, assim, diminuindo a carga de adenilato. Nossa hipótese é que vias de reparo e checagem do DNA interrompem o ciclo celular e o crescimento associado à redução da disponibilidade energética provocada pelo As, bem como pelo dano ao DNA, em vias associadas ao integrador central de resposta SOG1. Foram utilizados mutantes de Arabidopsis thaliana para as vias do ciclo celular e de resposta ao dano ao DNA SOG1 (sog1-101), CDK (cdkb1) e E2F(e2fb1), todas no mesmo background selvagem (ecótipo Columbia 0). Em condições de As[0], o genótipo sog1 apresentou maior massa fresca de parte aérea em comparação aos demais genótipos. Na presença do As, todos os genótipos apresentaram redução significativa na biomassa. Observa-se que os mutantes para cdkb1 e e2fb1 apresentam uma redução na concentração de todos os pigmentos na presença de As. Os diferentes genótipos exibem concentrações de aminoácidos totais similares em condições ótimas; todavia, na presença de As, com exceção de cdkb1, todos os outros genótipos apresentaram aumentos significativo nos níveis de aminoácidos totais. Os genótipos cdkb1 e e2fb1 apresentaram maiores concentrações de proteínas e de amido; entretanto, na presença de As, todos os genótipos sofreram reduções significativas. A presença de As resultou em redução dos açúcares solúveis totais (sacarose, glicose e frutose) em todos os genótipos. Malato, fumarato e prolina, em situação de controle, apresentaram pequenas diferenças. No entanto, na presença de As, todos os genótipos mostraram acréscimos significativos, destacando-se malato e fumarato para cdkb1 e e2fb1, com os maiores acréscimos, enquanto prolina foi mais expressiva para sog1. Em presença de As, os genótipos mutantes (sog1, cdkb1 e e2fb1) apresentam coloração mais intensa associada à presença de superóxido na parte aérea. Nos ápices radiculares, todos os genótipos apresentam comportamento semelhante, sem apresentar coloração intensa para o marcador de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) na ausência de estresse. Já na presença do poluente, todos os genótipos exibiram intensa marcação de superóxido. O número de núcleos na parte aérea foi semelhante na situação controle; entretanto, em presença de As, ocorreu uma redução significativa em todos os genótipos, sendo dkb1 e e2fb1 os mais afetados. O índice de endopoliploidia, avaliado na parte aérea, não foi alterado pela presença de As. Tomados em conjunto, os resultados indicam que os efeitos inibitórios no crescimento em presença do As estão fortemente relacionados à homeostase do metabolismo energético, o que resulta na paralização do ciclo celular. Além disso, danos ao DNA nas condições aqui analisadas não foram evidentes. Palavras-chave: estresse por arsênio; metabolismo primário; ciclo celular; reparo de dna.
The maintenance of DNA integrity is a vital challenge for organisms. Studies suggest that arsenic (As) exposure induces genotoxic effects in eukaryotic cells. In plants, one of the primary phenotypic effects of As toxicity is the inhibition of root growth, which occurs through the disruption of cell division. However, it remains unclear whether, and to what extent, this inhibition is related to DNA damage and repair mechanisms. These mechanisms are induced by both phosphorylation-dependent and -independent reactions involving the transcription factor sog1, leading to the disruption of cell cycle phases. Consequently, As toxicity interferes with energy metabolism by substituting phosphate with arsenate, destabilizing ATP and reducing adenylate charge. In this context, energy depletion triggers mechanisms for sensing energy status, which play a crucial role in cell cycle phase transition and As tolerance. We hypothesise that DNA repair and checkpoint pathways disrupt the cell cycle and growth due to reduced energy availability caused by As and DNA damage, through pathways associated with the central response integrator sog1. Arabidopsis thaliana mutants were used to study DNA damage response pathways (sog1-101, cdkb1, and e2fb1) all in the same wild-type background (ecotype Columbia 0). In control conditions, the genotypes showed minimal differences, with the sog1 mutant standing out in the shoot. In the presence of the pollutant, all plants exhibited a significant reduction in biomass. Pigments differences were only observed under specific comparisons. Under both control and As-treated conditions, the Chlorophyll a/b ratio remained similar across genotypes, as did carotenoid concentration. However, mutants for cdkb1 and e2fb1 displayed reduced pigment concentration in the presence of As. In control conditions total amino acid concentration were similar among genotypes. However, all genotypes, except for cdkb1, showed a significant increase in total amino acids. Regarding proteins, cdkb1 and e2fb1 exhibited higher concentration under control conditions, but all genotypes experienced reductions in protein levels when exposed to As. cdkb1 and e2fb1 mutants also displayed higher starch concentrations under both conditions, despite the reductions caused by As, while Col-0 and sog1 showed the lowest concentrations. Total soluble sugars (sucrose, glucose, and fructose) followed similar trends under both situations, except for fructose. As presence resulted in reduced sugars concentration across all genotypes. In control conditions, sog1 had the highest fructose levels, while Col-0 stood out for increases in other sugars under As stress. Malate, fumarate, and proline concentrations showed minor differences in control conditions. However, under As stress, all genotypes exhibited significant increases, with cdkb1 and e2fb1 displaying the highest increases in malate and fumarate, and sog1 in proline. Histochemical assays for superoxide revealed that sog1 mutants were the most sensitive under control conditions. In the presence of As, all genotypes displayed intense staining for superoxide in the shoots, with Col-0 showing the least staining. In root tips, all genotypes behaved similarly under control conditions, showing no significant reactive oxygen species (ROS) staining. However, under As exposure, all genotypes exhibited intense superoxide staining. Peroxide staining in the aerial parts was similar across genotypes under control conditions, but As exposure caused a significant reduction, with cdkb1 and e2fb1 being the most affected. The endopolyploidy index in aerial parts was highest in cdkb1 under control conditions and was unaffected by As exposure. In the presence of As, genotypes do not show differences. Signals of genotoxicity were not observed in the aerial parts or in the root parts under control conditions. Similarly, under As stress, genotoxic damage was not evident, except in the e2fb1 mutant, which displayed damage in aerial parts. In summary, the inhibitory effects on growth due to As are strongly associated with to the disruptions in energy metabolism, which lead to cell cycle arrest. Keywords: arsenic stress; primary metabolism; cell cycle; dna repair.
The maintenance of DNA integrity is a vital challenge for organisms. Studies suggest that arsenic (As) exposure induces genotoxic effects in eukaryotic cells. In plants, one of the primary phenotypic effects of As toxicity is the inhibition of root growth, which occurs through the disruption of cell division. However, it remains unclear whether, and to what extent, this inhibition is related to DNA damage and repair mechanisms. These mechanisms are induced by both phosphorylation-dependent and -independent reactions involving the transcription factor sog1, leading to the disruption of cell cycle phases. Consequently, As toxicity interferes with energy metabolism by substituting phosphate with arsenate, destabilizing ATP and reducing adenylate charge. In this context, energy depletion triggers mechanisms for sensing energy status, which play a crucial role in cell cycle phase transition and As tolerance. We hypothesise that DNA repair and checkpoint pathways disrupt the cell cycle and growth due to reduced energy availability caused by As and DNA damage, through pathways associated with the central response integrator sog1. Arabidopsis thaliana mutants were used to study DNA damage response pathways (sog1-101, cdkb1, and e2fb1) all in the same wild-type background (ecotype Columbia 0). In control conditions, the genotypes showed minimal differences, with the sog1 mutant standing out in the shoot. In the presence of the pollutant, all plants exhibited a significant reduction in biomass. Pigments differences were only observed under specific comparisons. Under both control and As-treated conditions, the Chlorophyll a/b ratio remained similar across genotypes, as did carotenoid concentration. However, mutants for cdkb1 and e2fb1 displayed reduced pigment concentration in the presence of As. In control conditions total amino acid concentration were similar among genotypes. However, all genotypes, except for cdkb1, showed a significant increase in total amino acids. Regarding proteins, cdkb1 and e2fb1 exhibited higher concentration under control conditions, but all genotypes experienced reductions in protein levels when exposed to As. cdkb1 and e2fb1 mutants also displayed higher starch concentrations under both conditions, despite the reductions caused by As, while Col-0 and sog1 showed the lowest concentrations. Total soluble sugars (sucrose, glucose, and fructose) followed similar trends under both situations, except for fructose. As presence resulted in reduced sugars concentration across all genotypes. In control conditions, sog1 had the highest fructose levels, while Col-0 stood out for increases in other sugars under As stress. Malate, fumarate, and proline concentrations showed minor differences in control conditions. However, under As stress, all genotypes exhibited significant increases, with cdkb1 and e2fb1 displaying the highest increases in malate and fumarate, and sog1 in proline. Histochemical assays for superoxide revealed that sog1 mutants were the most sensitive under control conditions. In the presence of As, all genotypes displayed intense staining for superoxide in the shoots, with Col-0 showing the least staining. In root tips, all genotypes behaved similarly under control conditions, showing no significant reactive oxygen species (ROS) staining. However, under As exposure, all genotypes exhibited intense superoxide staining. Peroxide staining in the aerial parts was similar across genotypes under control conditions, but As exposure caused a significant reduction, with cdkb1 and e2fb1 being the most affected. The endopolyploidy index in aerial parts was highest in cdkb1 under control conditions and was unaffected by As exposure. In the presence of As, genotypes do not show differences. Signals of genotoxicity were not observed in the aerial parts or in the root parts under control conditions. Similarly, under As stress, genotoxic damage was not evident, except in the e2fb1 mutant, which displayed damage in aerial parts. In summary, the inhibitory effects on growth due to As are strongly associated with to the disruptions in energy metabolism, which lead to cell cycle arrest. Keywords: arsenic stress; primary metabolism; cell cycle; dna repair.
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ARAUJO NETO, José Pires de. Importância dos mecanismos de resposta aos danos ao DNA na tolerância ao arsênio em plantas. 2024. 46 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Fisiologia Vegetal) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2024.
