Interações dinâmicas da competência motora e correlatos durante o processo de crescimento e desenvolvimento infantil: uma visão a partir dos sistemas complexos
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2023-08-25
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
Esta tese teve como objetivo geral analisar as interações dinâmicas entre a competência motora e correlatos durante o processo de crescimento e desenvolvimento de crianças, a partir dos sistemas complexos. Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico de base escolar, de delineamento longitudinal-misto, composto por 67 crianças (sendo 41 meninos e 26 meninas), com idade entre seis e 10 anos. As medidas antropométricas de massa corporal e estatura forneceram a estimativa de crescimento. Indicadores de adiposidade (índice de massa corporal – IMC, percentual de gordura corporal – PGC e relação cintura/estatura –RCE) foram mensurados conforme os respectivos protocolos de avaliação. A atividade física foi estimada através de questionário, pedômetros e acelerômetros. As componentes da aptidão física (força de preensão manual, força de membros superiores, força de membros inferiores, resistência abdominal, velocidade, agilidade, flexibilidade e aptidão cardiorrespiratória) foram avaliadas com protocolos do EUROFIT, FITNESSGRAM, AAHPERD, PROESP-BR. A competência motora real foi avaliada através da bateria de testes de Desenvolvimento Motor Grosso (TGMD-2) e a competência motora percebida foi estimada através da Escala Pictográfica de Avaliação da Competência Percebida em Habilidades Motoras. As três funções executivas centrais (controle inibitório, memória de trabalho e flexibilidade cognitiva) foram avaliadas consoante os protocolos do teste cinco dígitos, dígitos e fluência verbal, respectivamente, considerando a idade e sexo da criança. Os testes de comparação mostraram diferenças entre os sexos para os indicadores de crescimento, adiposidade, atividade física, aptidão física, competência motora real e percebida e funções executivas na linha de base do estudo; e os resultados destacam uma alta prevalência de crianças com excesso de peso, inatividade física e baixos níveis de competência motora. A análise de rede mostrou associações dinâmicas e não lineares entre variáveis de saúde, biológicas, comportamentais e cognitivas em crianças ao longo do tempo; foram observadas diferentes topologias de redes em cada coorte analisada, indicando que as interações dinâmicas entre as variáveis observadas podem impactar favoravelmente o desenvolvimento infantil, especialmente quando são consideradas variáveis sociodemográficas (como a idade e o sexo). A ANOVA de Medidas Repetidas evidenciou mudanças ao longo do tempo nas variáveis composição corporal, atividade física, aptidão física e funções executivas de crianças com alta e baixa competência motora; a análise de rede mostrou interações dinâmicas não lineares entre essas variáveis em crianças com diferentes níveis de competência motora; além de serem observadas diferentes clusteres e topologias de redes nos três momentos (T0, T1 e T2), com a idade sendo elemento crucial nas redes emergidas. Em termos práticos, os resultados representam que cada grupo de crianças com diferentes níveis de competência motora busca se adaptar e auto-organizar, o que permite assim apresentar padrões de redes inéditos. Os achados da presente tese permitem inferir que existem interações dinâmicas entre a competência motora e correlatos, e apoia-se o desenvolvimento e aprimoramento da competência motora e dos correlatos sinergicamente, com intuito de promover melhor qualidade de vida e saúde das crianças ao longo do processo de crescimento e desenvolvimento infantil. Palavras-chave: Crescimento. Desenvolvimento. Habilidades Motoras Fundamentais. Atividade Física. Aptidão Física. Competência Motora Percebida. Função Executiva. Sistemas Complexos. Infância. Saúde.
This thesis aimed to analyze the dynamic interactions between motor competence and correlates during children’s growth and development, through the complex systems. This is a school- based epidemiological study with a longitudinal mixed design, comprising 67 children (41 boys and 26 girls) aged between six and 10 years. Anthropometric measurements of body mass and height provided the growth estimate. Adiposity indicators (body mass index – BMI, body fat percentage – BFP, and waist-to-height ratio – WHtR) were measured according to their respective protocols. Physical activity was estimated by questionnaire, pedometers, and accelerometer. Physical fitness components (handgrip strength, upper limb strength, lower limb strength, abdominal endurance, speed, agility, flexibility, and cardiorespiratory fitness) were measured using the EUROFIT, FITNESSGRAM, AAHPERD, and PROESP-BR protocols. Actual motor competence was assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD- 2) battery, and perceived motor competence was estimated using the Pictographic Scale for the Assessment of Perceived Competence in Motor Skills. The three central executive functions (inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility) were assessed according to the five-digit, digit, and verbal fluency test protocols, respectively, taking into account age and sex. Comparison tests showed sexes differences in indicators of growth, adiposity, physical activity, physical fitness, actual and perceived motor competence, and executive function at the baseline; and the results highlight a high prevalence of children with overweight children, physically inactive, and with low levels of motor competence, indicating a concern about these behaviors throughout childhood. Network analysis showed dynamic, non-linear associations between health, biological, behavioral, and cognitive variables in children followed over time; different network topologies were observed in each cohort analyzed, suggesting that dynamic interactions between the observed variables may favorably influence child development, especially when sociodemographic variables (such as age and sex) are taken into account. Repeated measures ANOVA showed changes over time in body composition, physical activity, physical fitness, and executive function in children with high and low motor competence; network analysis revealed dynamic non-linear interactions between these variables in children with different levels of motor competence; and different clusters and network topologies were observed at the three time points (T0, T1, and T2), with age being a critical element in the emerged networks. In practical terms, results imply that each group of children with different levels of motor competence attempts to adapt and self-organize, allowing them to represent novel network patterns. The results of the present thesis allow us to conclude that there are dynamic interactions between motor competence and correlates, and supports the development and improvement of motor competence and correlates synergistically, to promote better quality of life and health of children throughout the process of child growth and development. Keywords: Growth. Development. Fundamental Motor Skills. Physical Activity. Physical Fitness. Perceived Motor Competence. Executive Function. Complexity. Childhood. Health.
This thesis aimed to analyze the dynamic interactions between motor competence and correlates during children’s growth and development, through the complex systems. This is a school- based epidemiological study with a longitudinal mixed design, comprising 67 children (41 boys and 26 girls) aged between six and 10 years. Anthropometric measurements of body mass and height provided the growth estimate. Adiposity indicators (body mass index – BMI, body fat percentage – BFP, and waist-to-height ratio – WHtR) were measured according to their respective protocols. Physical activity was estimated by questionnaire, pedometers, and accelerometer. Physical fitness components (handgrip strength, upper limb strength, lower limb strength, abdominal endurance, speed, agility, flexibility, and cardiorespiratory fitness) were measured using the EUROFIT, FITNESSGRAM, AAHPERD, and PROESP-BR protocols. Actual motor competence was assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD- 2) battery, and perceived motor competence was estimated using the Pictographic Scale for the Assessment of Perceived Competence in Motor Skills. The three central executive functions (inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility) were assessed according to the five-digit, digit, and verbal fluency test protocols, respectively, taking into account age and sex. Comparison tests showed sexes differences in indicators of growth, adiposity, physical activity, physical fitness, actual and perceived motor competence, and executive function at the baseline; and the results highlight a high prevalence of children with overweight children, physically inactive, and with low levels of motor competence, indicating a concern about these behaviors throughout childhood. Network analysis showed dynamic, non-linear associations between health, biological, behavioral, and cognitive variables in children followed over time; different network topologies were observed in each cohort analyzed, suggesting that dynamic interactions between the observed variables may favorably influence child development, especially when sociodemographic variables (such as age and sex) are taken into account. Repeated measures ANOVA showed changes over time in body composition, physical activity, physical fitness, and executive function in children with high and low motor competence; network analysis revealed dynamic non-linear interactions between these variables in children with different levels of motor competence; and different clusters and network topologies were observed at the three time points (T0, T1, and T2), with age being a critical element in the emerged networks. In practical terms, results imply that each group of children with different levels of motor competence attempts to adapt and self-organize, allowing them to represent novel network patterns. The results of the present thesis allow us to conclude that there are dynamic interactions between motor competence and correlates, and supports the development and improvement of motor competence and correlates synergistically, to promote better quality of life and health of children throughout the process of child growth and development. Keywords: Growth. Development. Fundamental Motor Skills. Physical Activity. Physical Fitness. Perceived Motor Competence. Executive Function. Complexity. Childhood. Health.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Aptidão física em crianças, Exercícios físicos para crianças, Capacidade motora em crianças, Crianças - Desenvolvimento
Citação
PEREIRA, Elenice de Sousa. Interações dinâmicas da competência motora e correlatos durante o processo de crescimento e desenvolvimento infantil: uma visão a partir dos sistemas complexos. 2023. 242 f. Tese (Doutorado em Educação Física) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2023.