Interações ecológicas em colônias de cupins: Astigmatídeos (Acari) e Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) termitófilos
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Data
2023-07-18
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
Os cupins são reconhecidos como engenheiros de ecossistemas, uma vez que modificam o ambiente para obter recursos como alimentos e componentes para os ninhos. Seus ninhos são ambientes propícios para abrigar outros organismos que interagem indiretamente como líquens que crescem nas paredes de cupinzeiros, ou diretamente, como é o caso dos termitófilos. Termitófilos são organismos, principalmente artrópodes, que passam obrigatoriamente ao menos um estágio completo de sua vida dentro dos ninhos de cupins. Esses organismos possuem adaptações morfológicas, comportamentais ou fisiológicas forjadas através de uma longa trilha evolutiva e que permitem a convivência com os hospedeiros. Contudo, as relações ecológicas entre termitófilos e hospedeiros permanecem em sua maioria incógnitas. Com o objetivo de elucidar as relações ecológicas entre termitófilos e hospedeiros, serão apresentadas as principais adaptações à termitofilia, usando como base a família Staphylinidae (Coleoptera), que possui o maior número de espécies adaptadas a este estilo de vida. O ciclo de vida, as principais adaptações e as relações ecológicas de uma nova espécie de ácaro termitófilo foram descritas e discutidas, revelando que o relacionamento ecológico entre essas espécies pode variar de comensal a mutualista, dependendo do nível da análise (indivíduo/colônia). O relacionamento ecológico entre o termitófilo Termitocola silvestri e seu hospedeiro Constrictotermes cyphergaster foi descrito, revelando um relacionamento comensal entre as espécies. Por fim, baseado na capacidade dos cupins de influenciar o desenvolvimento de novas espécies ao logo do processo evolutivo, agindo como uma força seletiva, o termo ``engenheiros de biodiversidade'' será sugerido para se referir a estes animais. Palavras-chave: Simbiose. Ecologia. Termitofilia.
Termites are recognized as ecosystem engineers since they modify the environment to obtain resources such as food and components for nests. Their nests are suitable environments for sheltering other organisms that interact indirectly, such as lichens that grow on the walls of termite mounds, or directly, as is the case with termitophiles. Termitophiles are organisms, mainly arthropods, that spend at least one complete stage of their lives inside termite nests. These organisms have morphological, behavioral, or physiological adaptations forged through a long evolutionary path that allow them to coexist with their hosts. However, the ecological relationships between termitophiles and hosts remain largely unknown. With the objective of elucidating the ecological relationships between termitophiles and hosts, the main adaptations to termitophily will be presented, using as a basis the family Staphylinidae (Coleoptera), which has the largest number of species adapted to this lifestyle. The life cycle, main adaptations, and ecological relationships of a new species of termitophile mites were described and discussed, revealing that the ecological relationships between these species can range from commensal to mutualistic, depending on the level of analysis (individual or colony). The ecological relationship between the termitophile Termitocola silvestri and its host, Constrictotermes cyphergaster, was described, revealing a commensal relationship between the species. Finally, based on the ability of termites to influence the development of new species throughout the evolutionary process by acting as a selective force, the term ``biodiversity engineers'' will be suggested to refer to these animals. Keywords: Symbiosis. Ecology. Termitophily.
Termites are recognized as ecosystem engineers since they modify the environment to obtain resources such as food and components for nests. Their nests are suitable environments for sheltering other organisms that interact indirectly, such as lichens that grow on the walls of termite mounds, or directly, as is the case with termitophiles. Termitophiles are organisms, mainly arthropods, that spend at least one complete stage of their lives inside termite nests. These organisms have morphological, behavioral, or physiological adaptations forged through a long evolutionary path that allow them to coexist with their hosts. However, the ecological relationships between termitophiles and hosts remain largely unknown. With the objective of elucidating the ecological relationships between termitophiles and hosts, the main adaptations to termitophily will be presented, using as a basis the family Staphylinidae (Coleoptera), which has the largest number of species adapted to this lifestyle. The life cycle, main adaptations, and ecological relationships of a new species of termitophile mites were described and discussed, revealing that the ecological relationships between these species can range from commensal to mutualistic, depending on the level of analysis (individual or colony). The ecological relationship between the termitophile Termitocola silvestri and its host, Constrictotermes cyphergaster, was described, revealing a commensal relationship between the species. Finally, based on the ability of termites to influence the development of new species throughout the evolutionary process by acting as a selective force, the term ``biodiversity engineers'' will be suggested to refer to these animals. Keywords: Symbiosis. Ecology. Termitophily.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Térmita - Ecologia, Simbiose, Invações biológicas
Citação
PISNO, Raul Marques. Interações ecológicas em colônias de cupins: Astigmatídeos (Acari) e Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) termitófilos. 2023. 71 f. Tese (Doutorado em Entomologia) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2023.