Potencialidades e avaliação ergonômica em sistemas intensivos de produção de leite no Brasil
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
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O Brasil exerce significativa influência na produção global de leite, consolidando-se como uma das principais bases econômicas no segmento de alimentos de origem animal no país. Tal ascensão é resultado de melhorias nutricionais, progressos no manejo zootécnico e aplicação de tecnologias na produção leiteira. Nesse contexto, o setor leiteiro busca estratégias para manter sua competitividade nos mercados nacional e internacional. Uma das estratégias adotadas pelo setor leiteiro é a atenção voltada para a saúde, bem-estar e condições de trabalho dos colaboradores no processo produtivo. Entretanto, existe uma carência de informações sobre como os trabalhadores desempenham suas atividades nesta cadeia produtiva. Diante desse cenário, o estudo da ergonomia se torna uma ferramenta essencial, abrangendo um conjunto de ciências e tecnologias com o objetivo de assegurar uma adaptação confortável e produtiva entre o ser humano e seu ambiente de trabalho. Desta forma, o objetivo geral desta tese foi elencar as principais características, potencialidades e desafios do uso de dois diferentes sistemas intensivos de produção de leite, Compost Barn (CB) e Free Stall (FS), levando em consideração os aspectos de implementação, manutenção e manejo, indicadores econômicos, produtivos, reprodutivos e qualidade de leite, bem como avaliar e caracterizar o ambiente de trabalho e as atividades desempenhadas nos dois mencionados sistemas intensivos de produção de leite, sob ótica da análise ergonômica do trabalho e das normas regulamentadoras do Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego. A pesquisa foi conduzida em Unidade comercial de Produção Animal (UPA), localizada na região da Zona da Mata Mineira, que utiliza sistemas intensivos de confinamento CB e FS característicos do país. Após levantamento para composição deste banco de informações, procedeu-se a avaliação em campo. Deste modo, o estudo compreendeu a análise ergonômica do trabalho executado pelos colaboradores, nos dois sistemas da UPA em estudo, baseada nas normas regulamentadoras e diretrizes do Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego. Foram examinadas as condições térmicas, abrangendo as médias de temperatura de bulbo seco do ar (tbs) e umidade relativa (UR %), além dos níveis de ruído e iluminação, em todos os setores da UPA. A avaliação biomecânica e a análise postural dos colaboradores envolvidos nos sistemas mencionados foram realizadas com base em fotografias tomadas nos ambientes dos dois sistemas, as quais foram posteriormente analisadas com o auxílio doSoftware, 3DSSPP TM , versão 6.0.2, desenvolvido pela Universidade de Michigan, nos Estados Unidos. Utilizou-se um questionário semiestruturado para diagnosticar o perfil dos trabalhadores. Com base nas diretrizes do Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego, foram propostas medidas para minimizar ou eliminar os riscos identificados na UPA, visando não apenas a segurança dos trabalhadores, mas também a melhoria da eficiência e bem-estar no ambiente de trabalho, contribuindo para a competitividade do setor leiteiro no Brasil. No âmbito das condições ambientais, as salas de ordenha do Sistema FS apresentaram as maiores médias de temperatura, enquanto as instalações CB e FS ofereceram condições termicamente mais favoráveis. A qualidade do ar em ambos os sistemas estudados foi considerada aceitável, com concentrações seguras de Amônia (NH 3 ) e monóxido de carbono (CO). Os níveis de dióxido de carbono (CO 2 ) permaneceram dentro dos limites estabelecidos pela ANVISA, exceto no interior da instalação CB durante o horário das 05 horas. Quanto aos níveis de ruído, todos os ambientes estudados estiveram abaixo dos limites máximos tolerados estabelecidos pela NR 15 (2004), com a fábrica de ração registrando as médias mais elevadas, com valores médios de 76,3 dB. Os valores de luminância em todos os ambientes mantiveram-se dentro dos limites recomendados pela NBR - 5413.Na avaliação biomecânica, as forças de compressão no disco L5/S1 em todas as atividades analisadas ficaram abaixo do limite de 3.400 N. Os dados referentes à análise dos componentes principais (ACP) evidenciaram uma correlação significativa entre essas atividades e uma redução nas chances de lesões nas articulações do joelho, tornozelo e quadril, bem como uma diminuição nos esforços de compressão no disco L5/S1. Palavras-chave: Ambiência. Sistemas intensivos de produção de leite. Condições de trabalho. Segurança do trabalho.
Brazil exerts a significant influence on global milk production, consolidating itself as one of the main economic bases in the animal foods segment in the country. This rise is the result of nutritional improvements, progress in zootechnical management and the application of technologies in dairy production. In this context, the dairy sector seeks strategies to maintain its competitiveness in national and international markets. One of the strategies adopted by the dairy sector is the attention focused on the health, well-being and working conditions of employees in the production process. However, there is a lack of information about how workers perform their activities in this production chain. Given this scenario, the study of ergonomics becomes an essential tool, covering a set of sciences and technologies with the aim of ensuring a comfortable and productive adaptation between human beings and their work environment. Thus, the general objective of this thesis was to evaluate and characterize the work environment and activities performed in two intensive milk production systems, Compost Barn (CB) and Free Stall (FS), from the perspective of ergonomic analysis of work and standards regulations of the Ministry of Labor and Employment. The research was conducted in an Animal Production Unit (UPA), located in the Zona da Mata Mineira region and features intensive CB and FS confinement systems characteristic of the country. Thus, the study comprised an ergonomic analysis of work, based on regulatory standards and guidelines from the Ministry of Labor and Employment. Thermal conditions were examined, covering average air dry bulb temperature (tbs) and relative humidity (RH%), in addition to noise and lighting levels, in all sectors of the UPA. Biomechanical assessment and postural analysis of employees involved in the mentioned systems were carried out using photographs that were later analyzed with the help of the Software, 3DSSPPTM, version 6.0.2, developed by the University of Michigan, in the United States. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to diagnose the workers' profile. Based on the guidelines of the Ministry of Labor and Employment, measures were proposed to minimize or eliminate the risks identified in the UPA, aiming not only at the safety of workers, but also at improving efficiency and well-being in the work environment, contributing to the competitiveness of the dairy sector in Brazil. Through data analysis, it was found that 78% of employees in the dairy sector are satisfied, mainly due to the agreementbetween working hours and their family and domestic responsibilities. However, 77.8% expressed dissatisfaction due to insufficient sleep, causing drowsiness during the working day, with pay being identified as the main source of dissatisfaction. In relation to health, 77.7% of those interviewed mentioned leg pain as the most common complaint, attributed to the long working hours standing. Additionally, 33.3% mentioned back and arm pain, while 11.1% reported shoulder discomfort. In terms of environmental conditions, the FS System milking parlors had the highest temperature averages, while the CB and FS facilities offered more favorable thermal conditions. The air quality was considered acceptable, with safe concentrations of ammonia (NH 3 ) and carbon monoxide (CO). Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) levels remained within the limits established by ANVISA, except inside the CB facility during the 5 am hours. As for noise levels, all environments studied were below the limits established by NR 15 (2004), with the feed factory recording the highest averages, with average values of 76.3 dB. The luminance values in all environments remained within the limits recommended by NBR - 5413. In the biomechanical evaluation, the compression forces on the L5/S1 disc in all analyzed activities were below the limit of 3400 N. The data referring to Principal component analysis (PCA) showed a significant correlation between these activities and a reduction in the chances of injuries to the knee, ankle and hip joints, as well as a decrease in compression efforts on the L5/S1 disc. Keywords: Ambience. Intensive milk production systems. Work conditions. Workplace safety.
Brazil exerts a significant influence on global milk production, consolidating itself as one of the main economic bases in the animal foods segment in the country. This rise is the result of nutritional improvements, progress in zootechnical management and the application of technologies in dairy production. In this context, the dairy sector seeks strategies to maintain its competitiveness in national and international markets. One of the strategies adopted by the dairy sector is the attention focused on the health, well-being and working conditions of employees in the production process. However, there is a lack of information about how workers perform their activities in this production chain. Given this scenario, the study of ergonomics becomes an essential tool, covering a set of sciences and technologies with the aim of ensuring a comfortable and productive adaptation between human beings and their work environment. Thus, the general objective of this thesis was to evaluate and characterize the work environment and activities performed in two intensive milk production systems, Compost Barn (CB) and Free Stall (FS), from the perspective of ergonomic analysis of work and standards regulations of the Ministry of Labor and Employment. The research was conducted in an Animal Production Unit (UPA), located in the Zona da Mata Mineira region and features intensive CB and FS confinement systems characteristic of the country. Thus, the study comprised an ergonomic analysis of work, based on regulatory standards and guidelines from the Ministry of Labor and Employment. Thermal conditions were examined, covering average air dry bulb temperature (tbs) and relative humidity (RH%), in addition to noise and lighting levels, in all sectors of the UPA. Biomechanical assessment and postural analysis of employees involved in the mentioned systems were carried out using photographs that were later analyzed with the help of the Software, 3DSSPPTM, version 6.0.2, developed by the University of Michigan, in the United States. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to diagnose the workers' profile. Based on the guidelines of the Ministry of Labor and Employment, measures were proposed to minimize or eliminate the risks identified in the UPA, aiming not only at the safety of workers, but also at improving efficiency and well-being in the work environment, contributing to the competitiveness of the dairy sector in Brazil. Through data analysis, it was found that 78% of employees in the dairy sector are satisfied, mainly due to the agreementbetween working hours and their family and domestic responsibilities. However, 77.8% expressed dissatisfaction due to insufficient sleep, causing drowsiness during the working day, with pay being identified as the main source of dissatisfaction. In relation to health, 77.7% of those interviewed mentioned leg pain as the most common complaint, attributed to the long working hours standing. Additionally, 33.3% mentioned back and arm pain, while 11.1% reported shoulder discomfort. In terms of environmental conditions, the FS System milking parlors had the highest temperature averages, while the CB and FS facilities offered more favorable thermal conditions. The air quality was considered acceptable, with safe concentrations of ammonia (NH 3 ) and carbon monoxide (CO). Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) levels remained within the limits established by ANVISA, except inside the CB facility during the 5 am hours. As for noise levels, all environments studied were below the limits established by NR 15 (2004), with the feed factory recording the highest averages, with average values of 76.3 dB. The luminance values in all environments remained within the limits recommended by NBR - 5413. In the biomechanical evaluation, the compression forces on the L5/S1 disc in all analyzed activities were below the limit of 3400 N. The data referring to Principal component analysis (PCA) showed a significant correlation between these activities and a reduction in the chances of injuries to the knee, ankle and hip joints, as well as a decrease in compression efforts on the L5/S1 disc. Keywords: Ambience. Intensive milk production systems. Work conditions. Workplace safety.
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SILVA, Leonardo França. Potencialidades e avaliação ergonômica em sistemas intensivos de produção de leite no Brasil. 2024. 156 f. Tese (Doutorado em Engenharia Agrícola) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2024.
