Perdas de solo, nutrientes, matéria orgânica e efeitos microestruturais em Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo sob chuva simulada
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Data
2002-05
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Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira
Resumo
Estudo experimental com simulador de chuva foi conduzido em área de Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo caulinítico, em Viçosa, MG, com intensidade de precipitação de 60 mm h-1 e seis aplicações sucessivas, espaçadas de 12 horas. Caracterizou-se a evolução do selamento superficial e das perdas de nutrientes, solo e matéria orgânica em razão de diferentes porcentagens de cobertura (0, 20, 40, 80 e 100%) em cultivo morro abaixo (declividade média de 9,5%), em resposta à energia cinética decorrente da precipitação. As perdas totais de solo foram superiores a 11 t ha-1 nos tratamentos com porcentagem de cobertura entre 0 e 40%, reduzindo-se a pouco mais de 5 t ha-1 com 80% até zero no tratamento 100% coberto com Bidim. As perdas de nutrientes seguiram a ordem Ca>Mg>K>P e foram correlacionadas às perdas de matéria orgânica. O fracionamento de substâncias húmicas revelou a concentração residual de humina e perdas seletivas de formas mais solúveis (ácidos fúlvicos) com a enxurrada. A erosão causou heterogeneidade entre a parte superior e inferior das parcelas experimentais. A macroporosidade entre 10 e 20 cm é maior na parte superior da parcela, sugerindo a migração de argila dispersa e entupimento de macroporos nas condições de chuva simulada. Excetuando-se o tratamento com 100% de cobertura, todos os demais evidenciam crosta deposicional. Nos tratamentos com maior exposição houve presença de crosta erosional, ao fim do teste de campo.
The present work was carried out in a kaolinitic Red-Yellow Podzolic at Viçosa, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, aiming to evaluate the effect of soil cover under simulated rainfall at an intensity of 60 mm h-1 on soil, nutrient and organic matter losses, and microstructural effects. The experimental area was set up in a downslope cultivation (average slope of 9.5%), with five experimental units (2.0 x 2.0 m) with a Bidim soil cover of 0, 20, 40, 80 and 100%. Six successive rainfall applications were made at 12 hours regular intervals, collecting the resulting soil materials after each test. The soil losses were higher than 11 t ha-1 in treatments with cover ranging from 0 to 40%, and about 5 t ha-1 with 80% cover, and no losses were observed in the 100% Bidim cover. The nutrient losses followed the order Ca>Mg>K>P and were correlated to organic matter. The organic matter fractionation revealed a residual concentration of humin and selective loss of soluble forms with runoff. A heterogeneity between the upper and lower parts of the experimental unit, attributable to erosion, was observed. The macroporosity estimated by micromorphology at the 10-20 cm depth was consistently higher in the upper part of the unit, suggesting clay migration and porosity loss under simulated rainfall. Except for the 100% cover, all others showed the development of depositional crust, whereas the most exposing treatments also showed the presence of erosional crust, at the end of the tests.
The present work was carried out in a kaolinitic Red-Yellow Podzolic at Viçosa, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, aiming to evaluate the effect of soil cover under simulated rainfall at an intensity of 60 mm h-1 on soil, nutrient and organic matter losses, and microstructural effects. The experimental area was set up in a downslope cultivation (average slope of 9.5%), with five experimental units (2.0 x 2.0 m) with a Bidim soil cover of 0, 20, 40, 80 and 100%. Six successive rainfall applications were made at 12 hours regular intervals, collecting the resulting soil materials after each test. The soil losses were higher than 11 t ha-1 in treatments with cover ranging from 0 to 40%, and about 5 t ha-1 with 80% cover, and no losses were observed in the 100% Bidim cover. The nutrient losses followed the order Ca>Mg>K>P and were correlated to organic matter. The organic matter fractionation revealed a residual concentration of humin and selective loss of soluble forms with runoff. A heterogeneity between the upper and lower parts of the experimental unit, attributable to erosion, was observed. The macroporosity estimated by micromorphology at the 10-20 cm depth was consistently higher in the upper part of the unit, suggesting clay migration and porosity loss under simulated rainfall. Except for the 100% cover, all others showed the development of depositional crust, whereas the most exposing treatments also showed the presence of erosional crust, at the end of the tests.
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Palavras-chave
Porosidade do solo, Permeabilidade, Degradação do solo, Erosão, Soil porosity, Permeability, Soil degradation, Erosion