Efeitos intencionais e não-intencionais de tratamentos de semente com inseticida em feijoeiro
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
Para proteção de plantas usando tratamento de sementes, a essas são aplicados agentes químicos ou biológicos antes de semear, visando repelir, suprimir ou controlar pragas e doenças das sementes, mudas ou plantas. É crescente o uso dessa técnica na agricultura e ela pode ser vantajosa na fase inicial dos cultivos, com menor exposição de organismos não-alvos e baixo custo financeiro ao agricultor. Pouco se conhece sobre o impacto não-alvo e a eficácia do tratamento das sementes com inseticidas sistêmicos, cujos alvos são insetos sugadores e mastigadores em diversos tecidos da parte aérea vegetal. A relação custo-benefício do tratamento de semente pode depender da classe dos inseticidas usados e a mistura formulada deles. Neste estudo, avaliamos os efeitos desejados e indesejados do tratamento de sementes com os inseticidas ciantraniliprole, tiametoxam, imidaclopride, tiodicarbe e imidaclopride+tiodicarbe em sistema de plantio convencional e direto para entender a interação deles. As variáveis estudadas foram abundância e diversidade da artropodofauna do dossel das plantas e do solo, injúria dos insetos fitófagos e a produtividade de grãos de feijão. O número total de artrópodes contabilizados foi 24222 na parte aérea e 4302 no solo, incluindo Acarina e Hexapoda fitófagos, carnívoros e detritívoros. O tratamento de sementes com qualquer dos inseticidas estudados permitiu obter produção de feijão em média 400 kg/ha a mais que na testemunha sem inseticida, convertendo em aumento na receita de 3100,00 R$/ha (645 US$/ha). A densidade populacional de insetos sugadores (tripes principalmente, pragas-chave) nas plantas com tratamento de semente foi cerca de 3× menor que nas plantas controle, durante quase todo o ciclo de crescimento. O menor nível populacional de insetos sugadores (Thysanoptera) coincidiu com a maior produtividade de feijão, mas não no caso dos insetos fitófagos desfolhadores e minadores (Liriomyza, Chrysomelidae e Plusiinae), cuja densidade populacional não foi afetada pelos tratamentos de semente. Desses, só aquele com tiodicarbe (carbamato) reduziu em 25% as injúrias foliares de minadores e desfolhadores. O tratamento semente afetou variavelmente a artropodofauna benéfica (detritívoros, predadores e parasitoides) da parte aérea das plantas, com alguns tratamentos não afetando e outros reduzindo a abundância. A maioria dos tratamentos afetaram pouco ou nada a artropodofauna do solo, exceto a mistura comercial de imidaclopride+tiodicarbe, que reduziu em aproximadamente 50% a abundância de Formicidae. Essa também foi 25% maior no solo de plantio direto em relação ao convencional em todos os tratamentos. Esses resultados permitem concluir que o tratamento de sementes com inseticidas sistêmicos: 1) levou a maior colheita de feijão (400 kg/ha) e nela pouco interagiu com o sistema de cultivo; 2) reduziu em 3 vezes a população de tripes (praga-chave em cultivos de feijão); 3) afetou variavelmente a artropodofauna benéfica da parte aérea das plantas, com alguns tratamentos não afetando e outros reduzindo a abundância; 4) pouco impactou a artropodofauna edáfica, exceto pela mistura comercial imidaclopride + tiodicarbe, que reduziu significativamente Formicidae no solo da rizosfera. Palavras-chave: Phaseolus vulgaris. Manejo de pragas. Thysanoptera. Collembola. Formicidae. Diamida. Mistura carbamato–neonicotinoide.
For crop protection using seed treatments, chemical or biological agents are applied to the seed before sowing, in order to repel, suppress or control pests and diseases of seeds, seedlings or plants. This technique is increasingly used in agriculture and can be advantageous in the initial crop growth stages, with less exposure of non-target organisms and lower financial cost to the grower. Little is known about the non-target impact and efficacy of seed treatment with systemic insecticides, which the targets are sucking, chewing, and leafmining insects in different aerial plant tissues. The cost- benefit of seed treatment may depend on the insecticide class and the formulated mixture used. In this study, we assessed the intended and unintended effects of seed treatment with the insecticides cyantraniliprole, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, thiodicarb and imidacloprid+thiodicarb in conventional and no-tillage systems to understand their interaction. The variables studied were the abundance and diversity of the arthropod fauna of the plant canopy and soil, injury from phytophagous insects and the bean yield. The total number of arthropods recorded was 24222 on the plant canopy and 4302 in the rhizosphere soil, including Acarina and Hexapoda herbivores, carnivores and detritivores. Seed treatment with any of the insecticides allowed obtaining on average 400 kg/ha more bean yield than in the control without insecticide, resulting in an increase in revenue of 3100.00 R$/ha (645 US$/ha). The population density of sucking insects (mainly thrips, key pests in common beans) in the seed-treated plants was about 3× lower than in control plants, during almost the entire growing season. The lower population level of sucking insects (Thysanoptera) coincided with the higher yield of beans, but not in the case of phytophagous defoliator and leafminer insects (Liriomyza, Chrysomelidae, and Plusiinae), of which population density was not affected by the seed treatments. Of these, only the one with thiodicarb (carbamate) reduced the foliar injury by the leafminers and defoliators in 25%. The effect of seed treatment was variable for the beneficial arthropod fauna (detritivores, predators and parasitoids) of the plant canopy, with some treatments not affecting and others reducing the abundance. Most treatments had little or no effect on the arthropod fauna of rhizosphere soil, except for the commercial mixture of imidacloprid+thiodicarb, which reduced the abundance of Formicidae by approximately 50%. This taxon was also 25% more abundant in no-tillage soil compared to conventional tillage in all treatments. These results allow us to conclude that the seed treatment with systemic insecticides: 1) led to the highest bean yield (400 kg/ha) and in it had little interaction effect with the tillage system; 2) reduced the thrips population by 3 times (key pest in common beans); 3) affected variably the beneficial arthropod fauna of the plant canopy, with some treatments not affecting it and others reducing the abundance; 4) had little impact on the edaphic arthropod fauna, except for the commercial mixture imidacloprid+thiodicarb, which reduced Formicidae abundance in the rhizosphere soil. Keywords: Phaseolus vulgaris. Pest management. Thysanoptera. Collembola. Formicidae. Diamide. Carbamate–neonicotinoid mixture.
For crop protection using seed treatments, chemical or biological agents are applied to the seed before sowing, in order to repel, suppress or control pests and diseases of seeds, seedlings or plants. This technique is increasingly used in agriculture and can be advantageous in the initial crop growth stages, with less exposure of non-target organisms and lower financial cost to the grower. Little is known about the non-target impact and efficacy of seed treatment with systemic insecticides, which the targets are sucking, chewing, and leafmining insects in different aerial plant tissues. The cost- benefit of seed treatment may depend on the insecticide class and the formulated mixture used. In this study, we assessed the intended and unintended effects of seed treatment with the insecticides cyantraniliprole, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, thiodicarb and imidacloprid+thiodicarb in conventional and no-tillage systems to understand their interaction. The variables studied were the abundance and diversity of the arthropod fauna of the plant canopy and soil, injury from phytophagous insects and the bean yield. The total number of arthropods recorded was 24222 on the plant canopy and 4302 in the rhizosphere soil, including Acarina and Hexapoda herbivores, carnivores and detritivores. Seed treatment with any of the insecticides allowed obtaining on average 400 kg/ha more bean yield than in the control without insecticide, resulting in an increase in revenue of 3100.00 R$/ha (645 US$/ha). The population density of sucking insects (mainly thrips, key pests in common beans) in the seed-treated plants was about 3× lower than in control plants, during almost the entire growing season. The lower population level of sucking insects (Thysanoptera) coincided with the higher yield of beans, but not in the case of phytophagous defoliator and leafminer insects (Liriomyza, Chrysomelidae, and Plusiinae), of which population density was not affected by the seed treatments. Of these, only the one with thiodicarb (carbamate) reduced the foliar injury by the leafminers and defoliators in 25%. The effect of seed treatment was variable for the beneficial arthropod fauna (detritivores, predators and parasitoids) of the plant canopy, with some treatments not affecting and others reducing the abundance. Most treatments had little or no effect on the arthropod fauna of rhizosphere soil, except for the commercial mixture of imidacloprid+thiodicarb, which reduced the abundance of Formicidae by approximately 50%. This taxon was also 25% more abundant in no-tillage soil compared to conventional tillage in all treatments. These results allow us to conclude that the seed treatment with systemic insecticides: 1) led to the highest bean yield (400 kg/ha) and in it had little interaction effect with the tillage system; 2) reduced the thrips population by 3 times (key pest in common beans); 3) affected variably the beneficial arthropod fauna of the plant canopy, with some treatments not affecting it and others reducing the abundance; 4) had little impact on the edaphic arthropod fauna, except for the commercial mixture imidacloprid+thiodicarb, which reduced Formicidae abundance in the rhizosphere soil. Keywords: Phaseolus vulgaris. Pest management. Thysanoptera. Collembola. Formicidae. Diamide. Carbamate–neonicotinoid mixture.
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ORTIZ ROJAS, Royner Josue. Efeitos intencionais e não-intencionais de tratamentos de semente com inseticida em feijoeiro. 2022. 51 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Entomologia) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2022.
