Indução de resistência a Meloidogyne javanica em tomateiro por rizobactérias
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
Os fitonematoides são responsáveis por perdas em diversas culturas. A espécie Meloidogyne javanica se destaca como uma das que mais causam prejuízos à cultura do tomateiro. Considerado de difícil manejo por tratar de um patógeno habitante do solo, o uso de diferentes métodos de controle vem sendo aplicado, a exemplo do controle biológico. Atuando por diferentes mecanismos de ação e as características de crescimento e nutrição, as bactérias antagonistas tem ganhado cada vez mais espaço no mercado. Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de isolados de rizobactérias na degradação de quitina, na solubilização de fósforo e de potássio in vitro, avaliar a redução da penetração de J2 em raízes de tomateiro, e avaliar a capacidade dos isolados na indução de resistência sistêmica em plantas de tomate contra o fitonematoide M. javanica. As avaliações de degradação de quitina e solubilização de fósforo e de potássio foram realizadas por meio de testes in vitro em meios específicos para cada teste, sendo que a formação de halo ao redor da colônia bacteriana foi considerada resultado positivo para degradação de quitina ou solubilização de fósforo e de potássio nos testes. Na avaliação da redução de infectividade, plântulas de tomate foram inoculadas com suspensão das rizobactérias, 5 dias depois, foram inoculados 300 juvenis (J2) de M. javanica e 5 dias após infestação, os nematoides no interior das raízes foram corados com fucsina ácida para permitir a observação daqueles que haviam penetrado. Para avaliar a indução de resistência, os sistemas radiculares de plântulas de tomate foram separados em dois volumes sem causar injúrias e enterrados no solo de dois vasos distintos, posicionados lado a lado, mantendo a parte aérea íntegra e comum aos dois novos sistemas radiculares. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por: T1: (A) Mc-3 / (B) Meloidogyne javanica, T2: (A) água / (B) Mc-3+M. javanica, T3: (A) Cs-2 / (B) M. javanica, T4: (A) água / (B) Cs-2+M. javanica, T5: (A) Cs-12 / (B) M. javanica, T6: (A) água / (B) Cs-12+M. javanica, T7: (A) água / (B) M. javanica. Foram inoculados 500 ovos de M. javanica e 4 mL da suspenção bacteriana. As plantas foram mantidas emcasa de vegetação durante 45 dias e o número de ovos produzidos e de galhas formadas em cada planta foram contabilizados. Os isolados Mc-3, Cs-2 e Cs-12 foram capazes de degradar quitina. Apenas o isolado Cs-2 apresentou halo no teste de potássio. Nenhum dos isolados, formou halo no teste com fósforo adicionado ao meio. Os isolados testados não apresentaram efeito na penetração dos J2. Quanto ao teste de indução de resistência sistêmica, os isolados Mc-3, Cs-2 e Cs-12 mostraram ser eficientes agentes de controle biológico quando aplicados em vaso diferente de onde foram inoculados os ovos do nematoide, em relação a quando foram aplicados no mesmo vaso em que os ovos do nematoide foram inoculados, levando a crer que indução de resistência sistêmica, e não a ação direta sobre os ovos, foi o mecanismo de controle do nematoide. Palavras-chave: Controle biológico, nematoide das galhas, PGPR, promoção de crescimento vegetal.
Phytonematodes are responsible for losses in several crops. In tomato cultivation, the species Meloidogyne javanica stands out as one of the species that causes the most damage to the crop. Considered challenging to manage due to being a soil-borne pathogen, the use of various control methods has been implemented, such as biological control. Acting through different mechanisms of action and growth and nutrition characteristics, antagonistic bacteria have been gaining increasing prominence in the market. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of rhizobacteria isolates in degrading chitin, solubilizing phosphorus and potassium in vitro, evaluate reducing J2 penetration in tomato roots, evaluate capacity and inducing systemic resistance in tomato plants against the phytonematode M. javanica. The evaluations of chitin degradation and solubilization of phosphorus and potassium were carried out through in vitro tests in specific media for each test, and the formation of a halo around the bacterial colony was considered a positive result chitin degradation and solubilization of phosphorus and potassium in the test. In evaluating the reduction of infectivity, tomato seedlings were inoculated with a suspension of rhizobacteria, 5 days later, 300 juveniles of M. javanica were inoculated and 5 days after infestation, nematodes inside the roots were stained with acid fuchsin to allow observation of those that had penetrated. To evaluate the induction of resistance, the root systems of tomato seedlings were separated into two volumes without causing injury and buried in the soil of two different pots, positioned side by side, keeping the aerial part intact and common to the two new root systems. The treatments consisted of: 1) water (A) + nematode (B); 2) bacteria (A) + nematode (B); 3) water (A) + bacteria and nematode (B). 500 eggs of M. javanica and 4 mL of the bacterial suspension were inoculated. The plants were kept in a greenhouse for 45 days and the number of eggs produced and galls formed on each plant were counted. Isolates Mc-3, Cs-2 and Cs-12 were able to degrade chitin. Only the isolate Cs-2 showed a halo in the potassium test. None of the isolates formed a halo in the test withphosphorus added to the medium. The tested isolates had no effect on j2 penetration. Regarding the systemic resistance induction test, the isolates Mc-3, Cs-2 and Cs-12 proved to be as efficient biological control agents when applied in a vessel different from where the nematodes were inoculated, as when they were applied in the same vessel of the nematodes, leading us to believe that the induction of systemic resistance, and not direct action on the eggs, was the nematode control mechanism. Keywords: Biological control, root-knot nematode, PGPR, plant growth promotion.
Phytonematodes are responsible for losses in several crops. In tomato cultivation, the species Meloidogyne javanica stands out as one of the species that causes the most damage to the crop. Considered challenging to manage due to being a soil-borne pathogen, the use of various control methods has been implemented, such as biological control. Acting through different mechanisms of action and growth and nutrition characteristics, antagonistic bacteria have been gaining increasing prominence in the market. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of rhizobacteria isolates in degrading chitin, solubilizing phosphorus and potassium in vitro, evaluate reducing J2 penetration in tomato roots, evaluate capacity and inducing systemic resistance in tomato plants against the phytonematode M. javanica. The evaluations of chitin degradation and solubilization of phosphorus and potassium were carried out through in vitro tests in specific media for each test, and the formation of a halo around the bacterial colony was considered a positive result chitin degradation and solubilization of phosphorus and potassium in the test. In evaluating the reduction of infectivity, tomato seedlings were inoculated with a suspension of rhizobacteria, 5 days later, 300 juveniles of M. javanica were inoculated and 5 days after infestation, nematodes inside the roots were stained with acid fuchsin to allow observation of those that had penetrated. To evaluate the induction of resistance, the root systems of tomato seedlings were separated into two volumes without causing injury and buried in the soil of two different pots, positioned side by side, keeping the aerial part intact and common to the two new root systems. The treatments consisted of: 1) water (A) + nematode (B); 2) bacteria (A) + nematode (B); 3) water (A) + bacteria and nematode (B). 500 eggs of M. javanica and 4 mL of the bacterial suspension were inoculated. The plants were kept in a greenhouse for 45 days and the number of eggs produced and galls formed on each plant were counted. Isolates Mc-3, Cs-2 and Cs-12 were able to degrade chitin. Only the isolate Cs-2 showed a halo in the potassium test. None of the isolates formed a halo in the test withphosphorus added to the medium. The tested isolates had no effect on j2 penetration. Regarding the systemic resistance induction test, the isolates Mc-3, Cs-2 and Cs-12 proved to be as efficient biological control agents when applied in a vessel different from where the nematodes were inoculated, as when they were applied in the same vessel of the nematodes, leading us to believe that the induction of systemic resistance, and not direct action on the eggs, was the nematode control mechanism. Keywords: Biological control, root-knot nematode, PGPR, plant growth promotion.
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Citation
CARMO, Ílari Soraia Brandão dos Santos. Indução de resistência a Meloidogyne javanica em tomateiro por rizobactérias. 2023. 32 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Fitopatologia) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG. 2023.
