Otimização da secagem e dos parâmetros de pirólise na produção de biochar com resíduos do fruto de Cocos nucifera L.
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
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A geração de resíduos provenientes do fruto de Cocos nucifera L. (coco verde), associada ao elevado teor de umidade e à lenta decomposição dessa biomassa, representa um desafio para seu manejo e aproveitamento. Entretanto, suas características lignocelulósicas possibilitam sua valorização por processos de conversão termoquímica, especialmente para a produção de biochar. Esta dissertação teve como objetivo avaliar o aproveitamento dos resíduos do fruto de Cocos nucifera L. para a produção de biochar, considerando a caracterização e o pré-processamento da biomassa e diferentes condições e sistemas de pirólise. O estudo foi desenvolvido em três etapas complementares. Na primeira, foram caracterizadas as propriedades físico-químicas da biomassa e avaliadas estratégias de secagem natural e artificial. O resíduo apresentou 45,84% de carbono, 31,77% de lignina total e elevada umidade inicial, de 847,92% em base seca. Na secagem natural, o coco seccionado disposto em uma única camada apresentou o menor tempo para atingir 40% de umidade em base seca, correspondente a 35 dias. Na secagem artificial, o aumento da temperatura promoveu maior velocidade de redução da umidade, com destaque para 140 °C. O modelo de Midilli apresentou o melhor ajuste às curvas de secagem natural e artificial. Na segunda etapa, avaliou- se a produção de biochar em sistema forno-fornalha em escala piloto, utilizando temperaturas finais de carbonização de 350, 400 e 500 °C. O aumento da temperatura reduziu o rendimento gravimétrico e o teor de materiais voláteis e aumentou o teor de carbono fixo e o desenvolvimento da estrutura porosa. O biochar produzido a 500 °C apresentou 75,38% de carbono fixo, razões H/C e O/C de 0,270 e 0,143, respectivamente, e área superficial específica de 84,26 m² g¹. O sistema mostrou-se tecnicamente viável para a conversão dos resíduos de coco verde, embora tenham sido identificadas possibilidades de aprimoramento do controle térmico. Na terceira etapa, foram avaliadas temperaturas de pirólise de 400, 500 e 600 °C e tempos de residência de 30, 60 e 90 minutos em forno elétrico tipo mufla. A temperatura exerceu maior influência sobre as propriedades do biochar do que o tempo de residência. Entre as condições avaliadas, a pirólise a 600 °C por 30 minutos apresentou o melhor equilíbrio entre as características do material e o menor tempo de processamento, resultando em biochar com 80,52% de carbono fixo, pH de 10,13, razões H/C e O/C de aproximadamente 0,26 e 0,15, respectivamente, e capacidade de troca catiônica de 432 mmolc kg¹. Em conjunto, os resultados demonstram que os resíduos do coco verde apresentam potencial para a produção de biochar tanto em sistemas de menor complexidade tecnológica quanto em condições controladas de pirólise, e evidenciam a importância da secagem, da temperatura e do controle operacional para a obtenção de materiais com características de interesse agronômico e para o armazenamento de carbono. Palavras-chave: pirólise; economia circular; descarbonização ; crédito de carbono.
The generation of residues from Cocos nucifera L. fruits (green coconut), associated with the high moisture content and slow decomposition of this biomass, represents a challenge for its management and utilization. However, its lignocellulosic characteristics enable its valorization through thermochemical conversion processes, especially for biochar production. This dissertation aimed to evaluate the use of Cocos nucifera L. fruit residues for biochar production, considering biomass characterization and preprocessing as well as different pyrolysis conditions and systems. The study was conducted in three complementary stages. In the first stage, the physicochemical properties of the biomass were characterized, and natural and artificial drying strategies were evaluated. The residue contained 45.84% carbon and 31.77% total lignin and showed a high initial moisture content of 847.92% on a dry basis. Under natural drying, sectioned coconuts arranged in a single layer required the shortest time to reach 40% moisture content on a dry basis, corresponding to 35 days. Under artificial drying, increasing temperature promoted a faster reduction in moisture content, particularly at 140 °C. The Midilli model provided the best fit to both natural and artificial drying curves. In the second stage, biochar production was evaluated in a pilot-scale kiln-furnace system at final carbonization temperatures of 350, 400, and 500 °C. Increasing temperature reduced gravimetric yield and volatile matter content while increasing fixed carbon content and the development of the porous structure. Biochar produced at 500 °C showed 75.38% fixed carbon, H/C and O/C ratios of 0.270 and 0.143, respectively, and a specific surface area of 84.26 m² g¹. The system proved technically feasible for converting green coconut residues, although opportunities for improving thermal control were identified. In the third stage, pyrolysis temperatures of 400, 500, and 600 °C and residence times of 30, 60, and 90 minutes were evaluated in an electric muffle furnace. Temperature had a greater influence on biochar properties than residence time. Among the evaluated conditions, pyrolysis at 600 °C for 30 minutes provided the best balance between material characteristics and shorter processing time, resulting in biochar with 80.52% fixed carbon, pH 10.13, H/C and O/C ratios of approximately 0.26 and 0.15, respectively, and a cation exchange capacity of 432 mmolc kg¹. Overall, the results demonstrate that green coconut residues have potential for biochar production in both lower-complexity technological systems and controlled pyrolysis conditions, highlighting the importance of drying, temperature, and operational control for obtaining materials with characteristics of agronomic interest and potential for carbon storage. Keywords: pyrolysis; circular economy; decarbonization; carbon credit
The generation of residues from Cocos nucifera L. fruits (green coconut), associated with the high moisture content and slow decomposition of this biomass, represents a challenge for its management and utilization. However, its lignocellulosic characteristics enable its valorization through thermochemical conversion processes, especially for biochar production. This dissertation aimed to evaluate the use of Cocos nucifera L. fruit residues for biochar production, considering biomass characterization and preprocessing as well as different pyrolysis conditions and systems. The study was conducted in three complementary stages. In the first stage, the physicochemical properties of the biomass were characterized, and natural and artificial drying strategies were evaluated. The residue contained 45.84% carbon and 31.77% total lignin and showed a high initial moisture content of 847.92% on a dry basis. Under natural drying, sectioned coconuts arranged in a single layer required the shortest time to reach 40% moisture content on a dry basis, corresponding to 35 days. Under artificial drying, increasing temperature promoted a faster reduction in moisture content, particularly at 140 °C. The Midilli model provided the best fit to both natural and artificial drying curves. In the second stage, biochar production was evaluated in a pilot-scale kiln-furnace system at final carbonization temperatures of 350, 400, and 500 °C. Increasing temperature reduced gravimetric yield and volatile matter content while increasing fixed carbon content and the development of the porous structure. Biochar produced at 500 °C showed 75.38% fixed carbon, H/C and O/C ratios of 0.270 and 0.143, respectively, and a specific surface area of 84.26 m² g¹. The system proved technically feasible for converting green coconut residues, although opportunities for improving thermal control were identified. In the third stage, pyrolysis temperatures of 400, 500, and 600 °C and residence times of 30, 60, and 90 minutes were evaluated in an electric muffle furnace. Temperature had a greater influence on biochar properties than residence time. Among the evaluated conditions, pyrolysis at 600 °C for 30 minutes provided the best balance between material characteristics and shorter processing time, resulting in biochar with 80.52% fixed carbon, pH 10.13, H/C and O/C ratios of approximately 0.26 and 0.15, respectively, and a cation exchange capacity of 432 mmolc kg¹. Overall, the results demonstrate that green coconut residues have potential for biochar production in both lower-complexity technological systems and controlled pyrolysis conditions, highlighting the importance of drying, temperature, and operational control for obtaining materials with characteristics of agronomic interest and potential for carbon storage. Keywords: pyrolysis; circular economy; decarbonization; carbon credit
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EVANGELISTA, Evânderson Luis Capelête. Otimização da secagem e dos parâmetros de pirólise na produção de biochar com resíduos do fruto de Cocos nucifera L.. 2025. 107 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência Florestal) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2025.
