Comportamento do atrazine em horizontes de um latossolo vermelho-amarelo
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
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Em diversos países do mundo onde o atrazine é muito utilizado, tem-se constatado com frequência a presença desse herbicida em corpos de águas subterrâneas. Acredita-se que as alterações observadas nas camadas em profundidade do solo interferam na sorção, meia-vida e persistência do herbicida no solo. Isto pode ser atribuído às diferenças marcantes na textura e no teor de matéria orgânica dos horizontes dos principais tipos de solos utilizados em grandes áreas de cultivo do mundo. Deste modo, amostras de solos provenientes das camadas superiores (0-20 cm de profundidade) quando utilizadas para determinação da sorção e a meia-vida do herbicida (variáveis utilizadas em todos os modelos matemáticos disponíveis), podem gerar resultados não representativos da realidade ou falsos, quanto à predição dos riscos de contaminação de águas subterrâneas. Nesta pesquisa foi avaliado o comportamento do atrazine em amostras de horizontes de um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo e, também, em misturas dos diferentes horizontes desse solo. Isto teve como objetivo confirmar a hipótese da importância da qualidade da amostra do solo quanto à origem, profundidade e, ou misturas de horizontes visando a utilização de modelos matemáticos para predição de risco ambiental decorrentes do uso do atrazine. Nestas amostras coletadas foram realizados estudos de sorção, dessorção, persistência e meia-vida do atrazine por métodos analíticos e biológicos. Para os estudos de sorção e dessorção foi utilizada a metodologia do Batch Equilibrium e quantificada por Cromatografia Liquida de Alta Eficiência - CLAE. Para a determinação da meia-vida do atrazine foram realizados ensaios analíticos para selecionar um método de extração do herbicida no solo que foi validado, e por fim o atrazine foi quantificado por CLAE. Em paralelo a sorção do atrazine pelos coloides do solo e sua persistência agronômica foram estimadas por métodos biológicos. O potencial de contaminação de águas subterrâneas pelo atrazine foi estimado utilizando o modelo matemático denominado índice de GUS, oficialmente adotado no Brasil pelo IBAMA, utilizando as variáveis, constante de sorção normalizado para carbono orgânico (Koc) e meia-vida previamente determinadas por CLAE. Os valores da dose que inibe em 50% (C 50 ) o crescimento da planta indicadora e a razão de sorção (RS) apresentaram correlação positiva com o teor de matéria orgânica das amostras. Maiores teores de matéria orgânica ocorreram no horizonte superficial do perfil do solo. Verificou-se relação inversa entre teor de matéria orgânica no solo e a persistência do atrazine. Esta persistência foi maior em amostras de horizontes mais profundos que apresentam menores teores de matéria orgânica. O atrazine foi extraído das amostras de solo com o método de extração sólido-liquido utilizando como solvente extrator uma solução preparada com acetonitrila, metanol e água. O método mostrou ser seletivo, eficiente, preciso e exato e assim foi utilizado para estimar a meia-vida do atrazine. Esta, no perfil do solo variou de 7 a 57 dias, sendo que a meia-vida foi maior nas amostras dos horizontes mais profundos do solo. O índice de GUS variou entre 1,55 e 4,25, valores de potencial de lixiviação baixo, alto e intermédio. Pelo índice de GUS constatou-se alto risco de lixiviação do herbicida quando presente nos horizontes mais profundos. Concluiu-se que existe relação direta entre a sorção do atrazine e o teor de matéria orgânica do solo, e inversa com a meia-vida deste herbicida. Em razão disso, sugere-se que essas varáveis (sorção e meia-vida) sejam utilizadas em modelos matemáticos para predição mais segura do potencial de contaminação, quando considerado o valor obtido de amostras compostas dos diversos horizontes dos perfis do solo, se homogêneos. Em decorrência da variação de atributos no perfil dos solos, melhor resposta para meia vida, deve considerar estratificação em função, notadamente, do percentual de matéria orgânica.
In various countries of the world where atrazine is widely used, the presence of this herbicide has frequently been found in groundwater bodies. It is believed that the changes observed in the different layers of the soil interfere with the sorption, half- life and persistence of the herbicide in the soil. This can be attributed to marked differences in the texture and organic matter content of the horizons of the main soil types used in large crop growing areas of the world. Thus, soil samples from the upper layers (0-20 cm depth), when used to determine the sorption and the half-life of the herbicide (variables used in all the available mathematical models), can produce results which are unrepresentative of the reality with regard to the prediction of groundwater contamination risks. This study evaluated the behavior of atrazine in samples of the horizons of a red-yellow latosol, and also in mixtures of the different horizons of this soil. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis of the importance of soil sample quality with respect to origin, depth and/or the mixture of horizons, aiming towards the use of mathematical models to predict environmental risks arising from the use of atrazine. In the samples collected, studies were carried out of the sorption, desorption, persistence and half- life of atrazine, using analytical and biological methods. For the sorption and desorption studies, the batch equilibrium method was used and the amount of atrazine was quantified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). To determine the half-life of atrazine, analytical tests were performed in order to select a method for the extraction of the herbicide in the soil, which was then validated. Finally the atrazine was quantified using HPLC. Meanwhile, the sorption of atrazine by soil colloids and its agronomic persistence were estimated using biological methods. The potential for groundwater contamination by atrazine was estimated using a mathematical model called the GUS or Groundwater Ubiquity Score index, officially adopted in Brazil by IBAMA, using the variables of the organic carbon normalized sorption coefficient (Koc and the half-life previously determined by HPLC. The dose values that inhibit the growth of the indicator plant by 50% (C 50 ) and the sorption ratio (SR) showed a positive correlation with the organic matter content of the samples. Higher organic matter content occurred in the surface horizon of the soil profile. There was an inverse relationship between organic matter soil content and the persistence of atrazine. This persistence was higher in samples from deeper horizons that contained lower levels of organic matter. The atrazine was extracted from the soil samples with the solid-liquid extraction method, using a solution prepared with acetonitrile, methanol and water as an extraction solvent. The method proved to be selective, efficient, precise and accurate and, thus, it was used to estimate the half-life of the atrazine. In the soil profile, this ranged from 7 to 57 days, with the half-life being greater in the samples from the deeper soil horizons. The GUS index ranged from 1.55 to 4.25, with values of low, high and intermediate leaching potential. Using the GUS index, a high risk of the herbicide leaching was found when it was present in the deepest horizons. It was concluded that there is a direct relationship between the organic matter content and the sorption of the herbicide, and an inverse relationship with the half-life of this herbicide. For this reason, it is suggested that these variables (sorption and half-life) should be used in mathematical models for a better prediction of potential contamination, when considering the value obtained for samples containing various horizons of the soil profiles, if they are homogeneous. Due to the variation of attributes in the soil profile, a better measure of the half-life should consider stratification in terms of the percentage of organic matter.
In various countries of the world where atrazine is widely used, the presence of this herbicide has frequently been found in groundwater bodies. It is believed that the changes observed in the different layers of the soil interfere with the sorption, half- life and persistence of the herbicide in the soil. This can be attributed to marked differences in the texture and organic matter content of the horizons of the main soil types used in large crop growing areas of the world. Thus, soil samples from the upper layers (0-20 cm depth), when used to determine the sorption and the half-life of the herbicide (variables used in all the available mathematical models), can produce results which are unrepresentative of the reality with regard to the prediction of groundwater contamination risks. This study evaluated the behavior of atrazine in samples of the horizons of a red-yellow latosol, and also in mixtures of the different horizons of this soil. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis of the importance of soil sample quality with respect to origin, depth and/or the mixture of horizons, aiming towards the use of mathematical models to predict environmental risks arising from the use of atrazine. In the samples collected, studies were carried out of the sorption, desorption, persistence and half- life of atrazine, using analytical and biological methods. For the sorption and desorption studies, the batch equilibrium method was used and the amount of atrazine was quantified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). To determine the half-life of atrazine, analytical tests were performed in order to select a method for the extraction of the herbicide in the soil, which was then validated. Finally the atrazine was quantified using HPLC. Meanwhile, the sorption of atrazine by soil colloids and its agronomic persistence were estimated using biological methods. The potential for groundwater contamination by atrazine was estimated using a mathematical model called the GUS or Groundwater Ubiquity Score index, officially adopted in Brazil by IBAMA, using the variables of the organic carbon normalized sorption coefficient (Koc and the half-life previously determined by HPLC. The dose values that inhibit the growth of the indicator plant by 50% (C 50 ) and the sorption ratio (SR) showed a positive correlation with the organic matter content of the samples. Higher organic matter content occurred in the surface horizon of the soil profile. There was an inverse relationship between organic matter soil content and the persistence of atrazine. This persistence was higher in samples from deeper horizons that contained lower levels of organic matter. The atrazine was extracted from the soil samples with the solid-liquid extraction method, using a solution prepared with acetonitrile, methanol and water as an extraction solvent. The method proved to be selective, efficient, precise and accurate and, thus, it was used to estimate the half-life of the atrazine. In the soil profile, this ranged from 7 to 57 days, with the half-life being greater in the samples from the deeper soil horizons. The GUS index ranged from 1.55 to 4.25, with values of low, high and intermediate leaching potential. Using the GUS index, a high risk of the herbicide leaching was found when it was present in the deepest horizons. It was concluded that there is a direct relationship between the organic matter content and the sorption of the herbicide, and an inverse relationship with the half-life of this herbicide. For this reason, it is suggested that these variables (sorption and half-life) should be used in mathematical models for a better prediction of potential contamination, when considering the value obtained for samples containing various horizons of the soil profiles, if they are homogeneous. Due to the variation of attributes in the soil profile, a better measure of the half-life should consider stratification in terms of the percentage of organic matter.
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AGUILAR PIRATOBA, Alba Rocio. Comportamento do atrazine em horizontes de um latossolo vermelho-amarelo. 2019. 105 f. Tese (Doutorado em Agroquímica) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2019.
