Restauração ecológica de Campos rupestres ferruginosos
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Data
2013-10-31
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
Os Campos fupestres ferruginosos ocorrem no Brasil associados a afloramentos rochosos hematíticos em Minas Gerais, Pará e Mato Grosso. Trata-se de vegetação que apresenta elevado endemismo resultante do isolamento das comunidades vegetais no topo das serras e às condições geoecológicas. As plantas adaptadas a essas condições apresentam diversos mecanismos de adaptação, tornando esse ambiente um ecossistema único. As pressões que os Campos Rupestres Ferruginosos sofrem devem-se principalmente à atividade de mineração e, em Minas Gerais, à expansão urbana. No Brasil, são poucas as unidades de conservação que apresentam áreas representativas dessa formação, podendo- se citar o Parque Estadual do Rola Moça no Quadrilátero Ferrífero, MG. É inegável a importância da mineração em nossa sociedade, tornando-se necessário estabelecer estratégias de conservação e preservação da biodiversidade desses ambientes. Essa tese apresenta os resultados obtidos através do acompanhamento de projeto de pesquisa iniciado em 2009 na mina de Capão Xavier (VALE) em Nova Lima, MG. Foi instalado experimento de campo que teve como foco a restauração de Campos Rupestres Ferruginosos utilizando as diretrizes da Sociedade Internacional para Restauração Ecológica (Ser-International, 2004). Além desses resultados apresenta estudos de mapeamento dos campos e comportamento do solo, temas identificados como lacunas para o sucesso de projetos de restauração ecológica. O acompanhamento da evolução de experimento de campo utilizando plantas provenientes de operações de resgate de flora e o uso de diferentes espessuras de topsoil contribuiu para avaliar a dinâmica das áreas em processo de restauração. O estabelecimento de parcelas com diferentes espessuras de topsoil reproduziu situação de mosaico semelhante à encontrada nas áreas naturais favorecendo a biodiversidade no ambiente. Entretanto, espécies invasoras apresentaram grande contribuição na cobertura vegetal na área experimental, indicando a necessidade da realização de intervenções. A sobrevivência da comunidade de plantas reintroduzidas no experimento apresentou decréscimo significativo ao longo do tempo. O comportamento térmico do solo em região do Pará indicou que as plantas nos ambientes rochosos ferruginosos podem passar até 7 horas do dia acima de 40 0C graus, evidenciando necessidade de se estabelecer protocolos de preparo de solo de forma a garantir condições ambientais específicas. A identificação das classes de vegetação e o mapeamento de áreas naturais no Quadrilátero Ferrífero foram realizados com o objetivo de fornecer informações sobre a natureza dos ambientes alterados e o contexto ambiental de sua inserção. A classificação supervisionada da composição de todas as bandas de imagem GeoEye, a primeira componente principal da imagem (PCA1) e o índice de vegetação da diferença normalizada (NDVI) apresentou os bons resultados para mapeamento do uso do solo (Índice Kappa = 0,87), indicando possibilidade de sua aplicação na etapa de planejamento de programas de restauração ambiental.
The Ferruginous rocky fields occur in Brazil associated with hematite outcrops in Minas Gerais, Pará and Mato Grosso. It is a vegetation that has high endemism resultant of the isolation of plant communities at the top of the mountains and due geoecological conditions. Plants adapted to these conditions exhibit different mechanisms of adaptation, making this ambient a unique ecosystem. The pressures that the Ferruginous rocky fields suffer are mainly to mining activity, and in Minas Gerais, the urban sprawl. In Brazil, there are few protected areas that have representative areas of this formation, which may be cited the State Park Rola Moca on Iron Quadrangle, MG. There is no denying on the importance of mining in our society, making it necessary to develop strategies for the conservation and preservation of biodiversity of these environments. This thesis presents the results obtained through the monitoring of a research project started in 2009 in Capão Xavier Mine (VALE) in Nova Lima, MG. A field experiment using the guidelines of the International Society for Ecological Restoration (Ser-International, 2004) was installed focusing the restoration of an area using plants from the Ferruginous rocky fields. In addition to these studies we present here results of field mapping and soil behavior, issues identified as gaps in the success of ecological restoration projects. Monitoring developments in the field experiment using plants from flora rescue operations and the use of different thicknesses of topsoil contributed to evaluate the dynamics of the areas in the restoration process. The establishment of plots with different thicknesses of topsoil reproduced mosaic situation similar to that found in natural areas favoring biodiversity in the environment. However, invasive species had great contribution in vegetation cover in the experimental area, indicating the necessity of conducting interventions. The survival of the plant community returned to the experiment showed a significant decrease over time. The thermal behavior of the soil in Carajás (PA) indicated that plants in Ferruginous rocky environments may spend up to 7 hours a day above 40 0C degrees, showing the need to establish protocols tillage to ensure specific environmental conditions. The identification of vegetation classes and mapping natural areas Quadrangle were conducted with the aim of providing information on the nature of the changed environment and the environmental context of its insertion. The supervised classification of the composition of all image bands GeoEye, the first principal component image (PCA1) and vegetation index (NDVI) showed good results for mapping of land use (Kappa index = 0,87) indicating the possibility of its application in the planning stage in restoration programs.
The Ferruginous rocky fields occur in Brazil associated with hematite outcrops in Minas Gerais, Pará and Mato Grosso. It is a vegetation that has high endemism resultant of the isolation of plant communities at the top of the mountains and due geoecological conditions. Plants adapted to these conditions exhibit different mechanisms of adaptation, making this ambient a unique ecosystem. The pressures that the Ferruginous rocky fields suffer are mainly to mining activity, and in Minas Gerais, the urban sprawl. In Brazil, there are few protected areas that have representative areas of this formation, which may be cited the State Park Rola Moca on Iron Quadrangle, MG. There is no denying on the importance of mining in our society, making it necessary to develop strategies for the conservation and preservation of biodiversity of these environments. This thesis presents the results obtained through the monitoring of a research project started in 2009 in Capão Xavier Mine (VALE) in Nova Lima, MG. A field experiment using the guidelines of the International Society for Ecological Restoration (Ser-International, 2004) was installed focusing the restoration of an area using plants from the Ferruginous rocky fields. In addition to these studies we present here results of field mapping and soil behavior, issues identified as gaps in the success of ecological restoration projects. Monitoring developments in the field experiment using plants from flora rescue operations and the use of different thicknesses of topsoil contributed to evaluate the dynamics of the areas in the restoration process. The establishment of plots with different thicknesses of topsoil reproduced mosaic situation similar to that found in natural areas favoring biodiversity in the environment. However, invasive species had great contribution in vegetation cover in the experimental area, indicating the necessity of conducting interventions. The survival of the plant community returned to the experiment showed a significant decrease over time. The thermal behavior of the soil in Carajás (PA) indicated that plants in Ferruginous rocky environments may spend up to 7 hours a day above 40 0C degrees, showing the need to establish protocols tillage to ensure specific environmental conditions. The identification of vegetation classes and mapping natural areas Quadrangle were conducted with the aim of providing information on the nature of the changed environment and the environmental context of its insertion. The supervised classification of the composition of all image bands GeoEye, the first principal component image (PCA1) and vegetation index (NDVI) showed good results for mapping of land use (Kappa index = 0,87) indicating the possibility of its application in the planning stage in restoration programs.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Solos - Conservação, Solos - Degradação, Solos - Classificação, Solos - Temperatura
Citação
REZENDE, Lina Andrade Lobo de. Restauração ecológica de Campos rupestres ferruginosos. 2013. 75f. Tese (Doutorado em Solos e Nutrição de Plantas) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2013.