Estratégias para melhorar a qualidade do iogurte caprino: suplementação proteica e tratamento do leite por dispersão de alto cisalhamento assistido por ultrassom
Loading...
Date
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
A produção de iogurte de cabra enfrenta alguns desafios, incluindo baixa viscosidade e longo tempo de fermentação. A aplicação de processos físicos como pré-tratamento do leite e o uso de suplementação proteica são estratégias que apresentam potencial para superar essas limitações. Esse estudo avaliou a cinética de fermentação e as características do iogurte de cabra suplementado com proteína isolada do soro de leite bovino submetido a dispersão de alto cisalhamento (DAC) assistida por ultrassom (US). O leite de cabra suplementado com diferentes concentrações de proteína do soro (0%, 2,5% e 5%) foi pré-tratado por DAC (UltraTurrax® T18) a 15000 rpm assistido por US (25kHz, 38W/L) por 10 min a 40 °C. As amostras com suplementação proteica não processadas por US-DAC (amostras controle) foram mantidas em banho termostático a 40 °C por 10 min. O tamanho médio das partículas e o potencial Zeta (ζ) foram medidos logo após o pré-tratamento. Posteriormente, as amostras foram processadas termicamente (80 °C/30 min), seguido de inoculação da cultura de iogurte e fermentação à 42 °C até pH 4.6. Após 24h de armazenamento refrigerado, foram realizadas análises físico-químicas, microbiológicas, reológicas e microscópicas dos iogurtes produzidos. A suplementação proteica e a aplicação dos processos físicos (US-DAC) aumentaram a eletronegatividade do potencial zeta em até 60%, enquanto o tamanho das partículas foi reduzido apenas pelos processos físicos (≤42%). A adição de 2,5% de proteína do soro reduziu o tempo de fermentação do iogurte em 30 minutos. Após 24h de armazenamento a 7 °C, as contagens de bactérias lácticas não diferiram entre as amostras (≥ 8 log UFC/mL) (p>0,05) e os iogurtes suplementados com 5,0% de proteína de soro apresentaram maior pH e menor acidez (p <0,05). A suplementação foi suficiente para aumentar a viscosidade aparente (até 5,65 vezes) e a capacidade de retenção de água (CRA) do iogurte (aumento ≤35%). Porém, a suplementação combinada com processos físicos potencializou as melhorias nesses parâmetros (6,41 vezes na viscosidade aparente e 48% na CRA) (p<0,05), o que foi confirmado por aglomerados proteicos mais densos e melhor organizados, conforme verificado na avaliação microscópica. Dessa forma, ambas as estratégias (pré-tratamento por US-DAC e suplementação proteica) mostraram-se alternativas promissoras para melhorar os atributos de qualidade do iogurte caprino, destacando-se a aplicação dos processos físicos, que permitiu a redução da concentração de proteína adicionada ao iogurte. A escolha final do uso associado ou isolado dessas estratégias deve considerar o custo, demanda de mercado e as características reológicas, estruturais e sensoriais desejáveis para o produto. Palavras-chave: Tecnologias emergentes; Leite não bovino; Fermentação; Fortificação proteica; Reologia.
Goat yogurt production faces some challenges, including low viscosity and long fermentation time. The application of physical processes such as milk pre-treatment or the use of protein supplementation are strategies that have the potential to overcome these limitations. This study evaluated the fermentation kinetics and characteristics of goat yogurt supplemented with bovine whey protein isolate (WPI) subjected to high shear dispersion (HSD) assisted by ultrasound (US). Goat milk supplemented with different concentrations of WPI (0%, 2.5% and 5%) was pretreated by HSD (UltraTurrax® T18) at 15000 rpm assisted by US (25kHz, 38W/L) for 10 min at 40 °C. Samples with protein supplementation not processed by US-HSD (control samples) were kept in a thermostatic bath at 40 °C for 10 min. The average particle size and Zeta potential (ζ) were measured immediately after pretreatment. Subsequently, the samples were thermally processed (80 °C/30 min), followed by inoculation of the yogurt culture and fermentation at 42 °C until pH 4.6. After 24 hours of refrigerated storage, physical-chemical, microbiological, rheological, and microscopic analyzes of the yogurts produced were carried out. Protein supplementation and the application of physical processes increased the electronegativity of the zeta potential by up to 60%, whereas particle size was reduced only by physical processes (≤42%). The addition of 2.5% WPI reduced the yogurt fermentation time by 30 minutes. After 24h of storage at 7 °C, lactic acid bacteria counts did not differ between samples (≥ 8 log CFU/mL) (p>0.05) and the yogurts supplemented with 5.0% WPI showed higher pH and lower acidity (p<0.05). The supplementation was sufficient to increase the apparent viscosity (up to 5.65 times) and water holding capacity (WHC) of the yogurt (≤35% increase). However, supplementation combined with physical processes promoted greater improvements in these parameters (6.41 times in apparent viscosity and 48% in WHC) (p<0.05), which were confirmed by denser and better organized protein clusters as verified in the microscopic evaluation. Thus, both strategies (pre-treatment by US-HSD and protein supplementation) proved to be promising alternatives for improving the quality attributes of goat yogurt, highlighting the application of physical processes, which allowed the addition of low protein concentration in the yogurt. The final choice of associated or isolated use of these strategies must consider cost and market demand. Keywords: Emerging technologies; Non-bovine milk; Fermentation; Protein fortification; Rheology.
Goat yogurt production faces some challenges, including low viscosity and long fermentation time. The application of physical processes such as milk pre-treatment or the use of protein supplementation are strategies that have the potential to overcome these limitations. This study evaluated the fermentation kinetics and characteristics of goat yogurt supplemented with bovine whey protein isolate (WPI) subjected to high shear dispersion (HSD) assisted by ultrasound (US). Goat milk supplemented with different concentrations of WPI (0%, 2.5% and 5%) was pretreated by HSD (UltraTurrax® T18) at 15000 rpm assisted by US (25kHz, 38W/L) for 10 min at 40 °C. Samples with protein supplementation not processed by US-HSD (control samples) were kept in a thermostatic bath at 40 °C for 10 min. The average particle size and Zeta potential (ζ) were measured immediately after pretreatment. Subsequently, the samples were thermally processed (80 °C/30 min), followed by inoculation of the yogurt culture and fermentation at 42 °C until pH 4.6. After 24 hours of refrigerated storage, physical-chemical, microbiological, rheological, and microscopic analyzes of the yogurts produced were carried out. Protein supplementation and the application of physical processes increased the electronegativity of the zeta potential by up to 60%, whereas particle size was reduced only by physical processes (≤42%). The addition of 2.5% WPI reduced the yogurt fermentation time by 30 minutes. After 24h of storage at 7 °C, lactic acid bacteria counts did not differ between samples (≥ 8 log CFU/mL) (p>0.05) and the yogurts supplemented with 5.0% WPI showed higher pH and lower acidity (p<0.05). The supplementation was sufficient to increase the apparent viscosity (up to 5.65 times) and water holding capacity (WHC) of the yogurt (≤35% increase). However, supplementation combined with physical processes promoted greater improvements in these parameters (6.41 times in apparent viscosity and 48% in WHC) (p<0.05), which were confirmed by denser and better organized protein clusters as verified in the microscopic evaluation. Thus, both strategies (pre-treatment by US-HSD and protein supplementation) proved to be promising alternatives for improving the quality attributes of goat yogurt, highlighting the application of physical processes, which allowed the addition of low protein concentration in the yogurt. The final choice of associated or isolated use of these strategies must consider cost and market demand. Keywords: Emerging technologies; Non-bovine milk; Fermentation; Protein fortification; Rheology.
Description
Keywords
Citation
XAVIER, Lorena Soares. Estratégias para melhorar a qualidade do iogurte caprino: suplementação proteica e tratamento do leite por dispersão de alto cisalhamento assistido por ultrassom. 2024. 56 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2024.
