Substituição parcial de poli(ácido láctico) por microalgas para produção de filmes plásticos: uma abordagem sinérgica entre sustentabilidade e desempenho
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
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A transição para uma economia circular exige o desenvolvimento de materiais inovadores que possam substituir os plásticos de origem fóssil. Nesse contexto, o poli(ácido láctico) (PLA) consolidou-se como uma alternativa promissora devido à sua biodegradabilidade e origem renovável, embora suas limitações de barreira e fragilidade exijam a incorporação de aditivos. Simultaneamente, o cultivo de microalgas em águas residuais apresenta-se como uma estratégia sustentável de "custo-zero", capaz de tratar efluentes e gerar biomassa rica em compostos orgânicos. No capítulo 1, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática (PRISMA) para mapear a incorporação dessa biomassa residual em filmes poliméricos. O estudo revelou uma escassez crítica de literatura, evidenciando que esta interseção tecnológica é um campo incipiente, mas com potencial demonstrado para induzir biodegradabilidade e melhorar propriedades de barreira ao oxigênio em matrizes convencionais. No capítulo 2, analisou-se o estado da arte da incorporação de microalgas em matrizes de PLA. A revisão demonstrou que a biomassa atua como um aditivo multifuncional, capaz de modular propriedades mecânicas e conferir propriedades de embalagem ativa, como proteção UV e atividade antioxidante. No entanto, o estudo identificou desafios persistentes relacionados à compatibilidade interfacial entre a biomassa hidrofílica e a matriz hidrofóbica, além da necessidade de padronização metodológica para a transição comercial desses materiais. No capítulo 3, foi realizada a investigação experimental através do desenvolvimento e caracterização de filmes de PLA incorporados com biomassa de microalgas de águas residuais em concentrações de 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% e 50%. As análises estruturais e morfológicas sugeriram boa compatibilidade em baixas cargas, enquanto teores elevados (>20%) resultaram em maior hidrofilicidade do material. Os resultados mostraram que a substituição parcial do PLA modulou as propriedades físicas e ópticas, com destaque para o ensaio de biodegradabilidade, no qual o filme com 50% de biomassa atingiu 89% de degradação em 120 dias. Adicionalmente, testes antimicrobianos confirmaram a segurança biológica da biomassa residual. No geral, os estudos apresentados nesta dissertação confirmam a viabilidade técnica da biomassa de microalgas como carga funcional para o desenvolvimento de biocompósitos sustentáveis de ciclo de vida curto. Palavras-chave: poli(ácido láctico); microalgas; águas residuais; biocompósitos; biodegradabilidade; economia circular
The transition to a circular economy requires the development of innovative materials that can replace fossil-based plastics. In this context, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has established itself as a promising alternative due to its biodegradability and renewable origin, although its barrier limitations and fragility require the incorporation of additives. Simultaneously, the cultivation of microalgae in wastewater presents itself as a sustainable “zero-cost” strategy, capable of treating effluents and generating biomass rich in organic compounds. In Chapter 1, a systematic review (PRISMA) was conducted to map the incorporation of this residual biomass into polymeric films. The study revealed a critical shortage of literature, highlighting that this technological intersection is an emerging field, but with demonstrated potential to induce biodegradability and improve oxygen barrier properties in conventional matrices. In Chapter 2, the state of the art of incorporating microalgae into PLA matrices was analyzed. The review demonstrated that biomass acts as a multifunctional additive, capable of modulating mechanical properties and conferring active packaging properties, such as UV protection and antioxidant activity. However, the study identified persistent challenges related to interfacial compatibility between hydrophilic biomass and hydrophobic matrix, as well as the need for methodological standardization for the commercial transition of these materials. In Chapter 3, experimental research was conducted through the development and characterization of PLA films incorporated with microalgae biomass from wastewater at concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%. Structural and morphological analyses suggested good compatibility at low loads, while high contents (>20%) resulted in greater hydrophilicity of the material. The results showed that partial replacement of PLA modulated the physical and optical properties, with emphasis on the biodegradability test, in which the film with 50% biomass achieved 89% degradation in 120 days. Additionally, antimicrobial tests confirmed the biological safety of the residual biomass. Overall, the studies presented in this dissertation confirm the technical feasibility of microalgae biomass as a functional filler for the development of sustainable short-life-cycle biocomposites. Keywords: poly(lactic acid) ; microalgae; wastewater; biocomposites; biodegradability; circular economy
The transition to a circular economy requires the development of innovative materials that can replace fossil-based plastics. In this context, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has established itself as a promising alternative due to its biodegradability and renewable origin, although its barrier limitations and fragility require the incorporation of additives. Simultaneously, the cultivation of microalgae in wastewater presents itself as a sustainable “zero-cost” strategy, capable of treating effluents and generating biomass rich in organic compounds. In Chapter 1, a systematic review (PRISMA) was conducted to map the incorporation of this residual biomass into polymeric films. The study revealed a critical shortage of literature, highlighting that this technological intersection is an emerging field, but with demonstrated potential to induce biodegradability and improve oxygen barrier properties in conventional matrices. In Chapter 2, the state of the art of incorporating microalgae into PLA matrices was analyzed. The review demonstrated that biomass acts as a multifunctional additive, capable of modulating mechanical properties and conferring active packaging properties, such as UV protection and antioxidant activity. However, the study identified persistent challenges related to interfacial compatibility between hydrophilic biomass and hydrophobic matrix, as well as the need for methodological standardization for the commercial transition of these materials. In Chapter 3, experimental research was conducted through the development and characterization of PLA films incorporated with microalgae biomass from wastewater at concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%. Structural and morphological analyses suggested good compatibility at low loads, while high contents (>20%) resulted in greater hydrophilicity of the material. The results showed that partial replacement of PLA modulated the physical and optical properties, with emphasis on the biodegradability test, in which the film with 50% biomass achieved 89% degradation in 120 days. Additionally, antimicrobial tests confirmed the biological safety of the residual biomass. Overall, the studies presented in this dissertation confirm the technical feasibility of microalgae biomass as a functional filler for the development of sustainable short-life-cycle biocomposites. Keywords: poly(lactic acid) ; microalgae; wastewater; biocomposites; biodegradability; circular economy
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MACHADO, Gabriela de Oliveira. Substituição parcial de poli(ácido láctico) por microalgas para produção de filmes plásticos: uma abordagem sinérgica entre sustentabilidade e desempenho. 2025. 100 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2025.
