Carbono e as florestas no Brasil: publicações, geração de créditos e planejamento florestal
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
O objetivo deste trabalho é compreender como as florestas brasileiras podem ajudar a combater as mudanças climáticas. Inicialmente, por meio de uma análise bibliográfica, o estudo mapeia publicações sobre o carbono nas florestas do Brasil, entre o início de 2000 e o final de 2023. Com base em 327 artigos selecionados manualmente, conclui-se que grande parte das publicações se encontra nas Regiões Sul e Sudeste do país, onde a silvicultura é mais forte. A Mata Atlântica e a Amazônia, por sua vez, dominam as discussões sobre estoque de carbono em florestas nativas, destacando a importância desses dois biomas. Um aspecto técnico importante é que grande parte dos pesquisadores utiliza a fração 0,5 para converter biomassa em carbono e o fator 3,67 para converter carbono em dióxido de carbono (CO2), o que facilita a comparação entre diferentes estudos. O segundo capítulo do estudo aborda a parte prática dos projetos de carbono florestal, validados no Brasil pelo Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) e pelo Verified Carbon Standard (VCS). Até a data da pesquisa, havia 34 projetos certificados, sendo 3 do MDL e 31 do VCS, dos quais 24 se encontram na região Amazônica. Os projetos Redução de Emissões por Desmatamento e Degradação florestal (REDD) representam 65% do total de projetos, enquanto florestamento e reflorestamento correspondem a 32%. Grande parte dos projetos presentes na Amazônia busca certificações adicionais que comprovem benefícios sociais, evidenciando que, além do sequestro de carbono, tais iniciativas ajudam as comunidades locais. Por fim, o terceiro capítulo emprega a programação por metas, simulando uma fazenda modelo com 515 hectares, em um horizonte de 15 anos, a fim de equilibrar produção, lucro e sequestro de carbono. Entre os objetivos considerados estão: produzir 30 mil metros cúbicos de madeira por ano, sequestrar 27,5 mil toneladas de CO2 e gerar 1,2 milhão em lucros. Os resultados indicam variação em torno de 13,7% na produção de madeira, com cumprimento da meta em apenas 8 dos 15 anos, enquanto o carbono apresenta maior oscilação (21% de variação), o que sugere a adoção de estratégias complementares para mitigar as emissões associadas à queima de CO2 durante a colheita e o transporte florestal. Financeiramente, o projeto mostra-se viável, com retorno de quase 17% ao ano e recuperação do investimento em menos de 8 anos. Palavras-chave: mudanças climáticas; sequestro de carbono; créditos de carbono; programação por metas
The objective of this work is to understand how Brazilian forests can help combat climate change. Initially, through a literature review, the study maps publications on carbon in Brazil’s forests from early 2000 through late 2023. Based on 327 manually selected articles, it concludes that a large share of publications concentrates in the South and Southeast regions of the country, where silviculture is stronger. The Atlantic Forest and the Amazon, in turn, dominate discussions on carbon stocks in native forests, underscoring the importance of these two biomes. A key technical aspect is that most researchers use a 0.5 fraction to convert biomass to carbon and a factor of 3.67 to convert carbon to carbon dioxide (CO2), which facilitates comparison across studies. The second chapter of the study addresses the practical side of forest carbon projects validated in Brazil under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Verified Carbon Standard (VCS). As of the study date, there were 34 certified projects—3 under the CDM and 31 under the VCS—24 of which are located in the Amazon region. Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) projects account for 65% of all projects, while afforestation and reforestation account for 32%. Many projects in the Amazon seek additional certifications that attest to social co-benefits, indicating that, beyond carbon sequestration, these initiatives support local communities. Finally, the third chapter employs goal programming, simulating a model farm of 515 hectares over a 15-year horizon to balance production, profit, and carbon sequestration. The objectives considered include producing 30,000 m3 of timber per year, sequestering 27.5 thousand tonnes of CO2, and generating 1.2 million in profits. The results indicate variation of about 13.7% in timber production, with the target met in only 8 of the 15 years, while carbon shows greater oscillation (21% variation), suggesting the adoption of complementary strategies to mitigate CO2 emissions from fuel combustion during harvesting and forest transport. Financially, the project proves viable, with a nearly 17% annual return and a payback period of less than eight years. Keywords: climate change; carbon sequestration; carbon credits; goal programming
The objective of this work is to understand how Brazilian forests can help combat climate change. Initially, through a literature review, the study maps publications on carbon in Brazil’s forests from early 2000 through late 2023. Based on 327 manually selected articles, it concludes that a large share of publications concentrates in the South and Southeast regions of the country, where silviculture is stronger. The Atlantic Forest and the Amazon, in turn, dominate discussions on carbon stocks in native forests, underscoring the importance of these two biomes. A key technical aspect is that most researchers use a 0.5 fraction to convert biomass to carbon and a factor of 3.67 to convert carbon to carbon dioxide (CO2), which facilitates comparison across studies. The second chapter of the study addresses the practical side of forest carbon projects validated in Brazil under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Verified Carbon Standard (VCS). As of the study date, there were 34 certified projects—3 under the CDM and 31 under the VCS—24 of which are located in the Amazon region. Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) projects account for 65% of all projects, while afforestation and reforestation account for 32%. Many projects in the Amazon seek additional certifications that attest to social co-benefits, indicating that, beyond carbon sequestration, these initiatives support local communities. Finally, the third chapter employs goal programming, simulating a model farm of 515 hectares over a 15-year horizon to balance production, profit, and carbon sequestration. The objectives considered include producing 30,000 m3 of timber per year, sequestering 27.5 thousand tonnes of CO2, and generating 1.2 million in profits. The results indicate variation of about 13.7% in timber production, with the target met in only 8 of the 15 years, while carbon shows greater oscillation (21% variation), suggesting the adoption of complementary strategies to mitigate CO2 emissions from fuel combustion during harvesting and forest transport. Financially, the project proves viable, with a nearly 17% annual return and a payback period of less than eight years. Keywords: climate change; carbon sequestration; carbon credits; goal programming
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LIMEIRA, Mathaus Messias Coimbra. Carbono e as florestas no Brasil: publicações, geração de créditos e planejamento florestal. 2025. 233 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência Florestal) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2025.
