Efeito da hidratação-assistida por ultrassom de forma intermitente na semente de abóbora: impacto na cinética de hidratação, germinação e qualidade da farinha germinada
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
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A semente de abóbora (Cucurbita moschata) tem se destacado como subproduto de potencial aproveitamento industrial devido ao seu alto valor nutricional, especialmente pelas altas concentrações de proteínas e lipídios, e pela presença de compostos bioativos, como fenólicos totais e outros compostos com capacidade antioxidante. Apesar deste potencial, a utilização destas sementes na alimentação humana é relativamente baixa, sendo necessário o desenvolvimento estudos para sua incorporação no setor alimentício. Técnicas de bioprocessamento, como a germinação, podem melhorar as qualidades nutricionais e funcionais da semente, tornando-as mais atrativas. No entanto, antes da germinação, as sementes devem ser hidratadas, um processo longo e caro, sendo de grande interesse sua otimização. Para superar essas desvantagens, tecnologias não convencionais, como o ultrassom (US), têm sido estudadas para reduzir o tempo de hidratação de grãos e sementes. O estudo foi dividido em dois capítulos, o primeiro investigou a cinética de hidratação assistida por ultrassom (US) de forma intermitente (1–4 ciclos de 10 min, 38 W/L, 25 kHz, a 25 ou 45 °C) de sementes de abóbora e seu impacto na cinética de germinação, bem como na qualidade nutricional e biológica das farinhas germinadas. No segundo capítulo foi avaliado o efeito do ultrassom considerando as melhores condições de tratamento (US-20min aplicado à 25 °C e 45 °C) na qualidade nutricional, física, tecno- funcional e estrutural da farinha otimizada. A sonicação reduziu o tempo de hidratação (em até 54,3%), diminuiu a fase de latência da germinação (em até 19,3%) e aumentou a capacidade máxima de germinação (em até 5%) (p < 0,05). Além disso, o tratamento ultrassônico levou a um maior comprimento das radículas (em até 19,4%) após a germinação. Em relação à qualidade da farinha, o ultrassom aumentou o teor de proteína e lipídios (≤ 23% e ≤ 8,4%, respectivamente), com o melhor resultado observado com US aplicado em 4 ciclos de 10 min a 45 °C. Além disso, amostras sonicadas por 2 ciclos de 10 min apresentaram níveis mais altos de açúcares redutores (≤ 79%), compostos fenólicos (≤ 81%) e proteína solúvel (≤ 19,8%) em comparação à farinha germinada não tratada com US. Já avaliando as condições otimizadas da farinha a hidratação assistida por US resultou em uma farinha mais leve e uma estrutura mais porosa e dispersa, que foi intensificada pelo aumento da temperatura de hidratação. A germinação promoveu alterações nos hidrocarbonetos alifáticos, aminoácidos e carboidratos da farinha, especialmente nas ligações C-H e C-O, conforme evidenciado por FTIR. Além disso, a germinação e a sonicação diminuíram o grau de cristalinidade do amido (≤14,3). O tratamento por US não afetou o perfil mineral nem de ácidos graxos das farinhas. Por outro lado, a sonicação foi eficiente em aumentar o conteúdo de GABA (15,6% e 13,7%), ABTS (29,4% e 9,7%) e atividades antioxidantes DPPH (40,8% e 2,4%) em comparação com farinhas não sonicadas a 25 °C e 45 °C, respectivamente. Em relação às propriedades tecno- funcionais, o US aumentou a capacidade de retenção de água, índice de solubilidade, capacidade de espuma e estabilidade da espuma em até 49%, 68%, 143% e 208%, respectivamente. Os efeitos positivos da sonicação, particularmente a 25 °C, nas propriedades nutricionais e tecno-funcionais da farinha de semente de abóbora germinada destacam seu potencial como uma alternativa sustentável para o desenvolvimento de ingredientes alimentícios inovadores, com possíveis aplicações em produtos como pães, bolos, biscoitos e bebidas. Palavras-chave: Tecnologias emergentes; Germinação; Hidratação; Qualidade nutricional; Sementes de abóbora; Sonicação.
Pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita moschata) have stood out as a byproduct with potential industrial use due to their high nutritional value, especially due to their high concentrations of proteins and lipids and the presence of bioactive compounds, such as total phenolics and other compounds with antioxidant capacity. Despite this potential, the use of these seeds in human nutrition is relatively low, and studies are needed to incorporate them into the food sector. Bioprocessing techniques, such as germination, can improve the nutritional and functional qualities of the seed, making them more attractive. However, the seeds must be hydrated before germination, a long and expensive process, and its optimization is of great interest. To overcome these disadvantages, unconventional technologies, such as ultrasound (US), have been studied to reduce the hydration time of grains and seeds. The study was divided into two chapters. The first investigated the kinetics of intermittent ultrasound-assisted (US) hydration (1–4 cycles of 10 min, 38 W/L, 25 kHz, at 25 or 45 °C) of pumpkin seeds and its impact on germination kinetics, as well as on the nutritional and biological quality of the germinated flours. The second chapter evaluated the effect of ultrasound considering the best treatment conditions (US-20min applied at 25 °C and 45 °C) on the optimized flour's nutritional, physical, techno-functional, and structural quality. Sonication reduced hydration time (by up to 54.3%), decreased the germination lag phase (by up to 19.3%), and increased maximum germination capacity (by up to 5%) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, ultrasonic treatment led to greater radicle length (up to 19.4%) after germination. Regarding flour quality, ultrasound increased the protein and lipid content (≤ 23% and ≤ 8.4%, respectively), with the best result observed with the US applied in 4 cycles of 10 min at 45 °C. Furthermore, samples sonicated for 2 cycles of 10 min showed higher levels of reducing sugars (≤ 79%), phenolic compounds (≤ 81%), and soluble protein (≤ 19.8%) compared to germinated flour not treated with US. Evaluating the optimized flour conditions, US-assisted hydration resulted in lighter flour and a more porous and dispersed structure, intensified by increasing the hydration temperature. Germination promoted changes in the aliphatic hydrocarbons, amino acids, and carbohydrates of the flour, especially in the C-H and C-O bonds, as evidenced by FTIR. Furthermore, germination and sonication decreased the degree of starch crystallinity (≤14.3). US treatment did not affect the flour's mineral or fatty acid profile. On the other hand, sonication was efficient in increasing the content of GABA (15.6% and 13.7%), ABTS (29.4% and 9.7%), and DPPH antioxidant activities (40.8% and 2.4%) compared to non-sonicated flours at 25 °C and 45 °C, respectively. Regarding the techno-functional properties, the US increased the water retention capacity, solubility index, foaming capacity, and foam stability by up to 49%, 68%, 143%, and 208%, respectively. The positive effects of sonication, particularly at 25 °C, on the nutritional and techno-functional properties of sprouted pumpkin seed flour highlight its potential as a sustainable alternative for the development of innovative food ingredients, with possible applications in products such as bread, cakes, and cookies, and beverages. Keywords: Emerging technologies; Germination; Hydration; Nutritional quality; Pumpkin seeds; Sonication.
Pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita moschata) have stood out as a byproduct with potential industrial use due to their high nutritional value, especially due to their high concentrations of proteins and lipids and the presence of bioactive compounds, such as total phenolics and other compounds with antioxidant capacity. Despite this potential, the use of these seeds in human nutrition is relatively low, and studies are needed to incorporate them into the food sector. Bioprocessing techniques, such as germination, can improve the nutritional and functional qualities of the seed, making them more attractive. However, the seeds must be hydrated before germination, a long and expensive process, and its optimization is of great interest. To overcome these disadvantages, unconventional technologies, such as ultrasound (US), have been studied to reduce the hydration time of grains and seeds. The study was divided into two chapters. The first investigated the kinetics of intermittent ultrasound-assisted (US) hydration (1–4 cycles of 10 min, 38 W/L, 25 kHz, at 25 or 45 °C) of pumpkin seeds and its impact on germination kinetics, as well as on the nutritional and biological quality of the germinated flours. The second chapter evaluated the effect of ultrasound considering the best treatment conditions (US-20min applied at 25 °C and 45 °C) on the optimized flour's nutritional, physical, techno-functional, and structural quality. Sonication reduced hydration time (by up to 54.3%), decreased the germination lag phase (by up to 19.3%), and increased maximum germination capacity (by up to 5%) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, ultrasonic treatment led to greater radicle length (up to 19.4%) after germination. Regarding flour quality, ultrasound increased the protein and lipid content (≤ 23% and ≤ 8.4%, respectively), with the best result observed with the US applied in 4 cycles of 10 min at 45 °C. Furthermore, samples sonicated for 2 cycles of 10 min showed higher levels of reducing sugars (≤ 79%), phenolic compounds (≤ 81%), and soluble protein (≤ 19.8%) compared to germinated flour not treated with US. Evaluating the optimized flour conditions, US-assisted hydration resulted in lighter flour and a more porous and dispersed structure, intensified by increasing the hydration temperature. Germination promoted changes in the aliphatic hydrocarbons, amino acids, and carbohydrates of the flour, especially in the C-H and C-O bonds, as evidenced by FTIR. Furthermore, germination and sonication decreased the degree of starch crystallinity (≤14.3). US treatment did not affect the flour's mineral or fatty acid profile. On the other hand, sonication was efficient in increasing the content of GABA (15.6% and 13.7%), ABTS (29.4% and 9.7%), and DPPH antioxidant activities (40.8% and 2.4%) compared to non-sonicated flours at 25 °C and 45 °C, respectively. Regarding the techno-functional properties, the US increased the water retention capacity, solubility index, foaming capacity, and foam stability by up to 49%, 68%, 143%, and 208%, respectively. The positive effects of sonication, particularly at 25 °C, on the nutritional and techno-functional properties of sprouted pumpkin seed flour highlight its potential as a sustainable alternative for the development of innovative food ingredients, with possible applications in products such as bread, cakes, and cookies, and beverages. Keywords: Emerging technologies; Germination; Hydration; Nutritional quality; Pumpkin seeds; Sonication.
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PACHECO, Flaviana Coelho. Efeito da hidratação-assistida por ultrassom de forma intermitente na semente de abóbora: impacto na cinética de hidratação, germinação e qualidade da farinha germinada. 2024. 134 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2024.
