Desenvolvimento e validação de um sistema PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) para aplicação de defensivos em taxa variável
Loading...
Date
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
A aplicação de defensivos agrícolas à taxa variável representa uma das principais inovações da agricultura de precisão, promovendo maior eficiência no uso de insumos, redução de impactos ambientais e incremento da sustentabilidade da produção. Entre as tecnologias disponíveis, a modulação por largura de pulso (Pulse Width Modulation – PWM) destaca-se por possibilitar o ajuste dinâmico da vazão, mantendo a pressão de trabalho estável e assegurando melhor uniformidade operacional. Esta tese teve como objetivo desenvolver, analisar e validar um sistema PWM de baixo custo para controle de pulverização em taxa variável. A pesquisa integrou três frentes. No primeiro eixo, realizou-se uma análise bibliométrica e cientométrica, que evidenciou o crescimento acelerado da produção científica sobre pulverização em taxa variável a partir de 2011, com destaque para a liderança de Estados Unidos e China, bem como a centralidade da tecnologia PWM nas discussões recentes. O segundo eixo consistiu no desenvolvimento de um protótipo de controlador PWM utilizando microcontrolador ESP32 e placa de circuito impresso própria, que se mostrou eficiente, acessível e funcional em frequências de até 25 Hz, com potencial de aplicação em pulverizadores comerciais e em laboratórios de ensino e pesquisa. Nos experimentos, dois eixos complementares foram conduzidos: (i) a determinação da vazão e do coeficiente de descarga de pontas de pulverização dos modelos XR e AI, com diferentes vazões nominais, sob diferentes pressões, frequências e duty cycles, demonstrando que esses fatores influenciam significativamente o desempenho hidráulico do sistema; e (ii) a caracterização da vazão e do espectro de gotas da ponta ULDM 13002 (Hypro®), operando sob PWM, em que se observou predominância de gotas classificadas como ultragrossas, associadas a baixo risco de deriva, mas com potencial de escorrimento elevado, além da influência conjunta da frequência e do duty cycle sobre a homogeneidade do espectro. Os resultados confirmam a relevância do desenvolvimento de soluções tecnológicas acessíveis para a pulverização em taxa variável, ao mesmo tempo em que fornecem subsídios técnicos para compreender os efeitos operacionais do sistema PWM sobre parâmetros hidráulicos e espectro de gotas. Conclui-se que a adoção de sistemas PWM de baixo custo pode contribuir para a ampliação do acesso à agricultura de precisão,favorecendo tanto a pesquisa científica quanto a aplicação prática, com ganhos em eficiência, segurança e sustentabilidade no uso de defensivos agrícolas. Palavras-chave: pulverização de taxa variável; modulação por largura de pulso; coeficiente de descarga; controle de vazão.
The application of pesticides at variable rates represents one of the main innovations in precision agriculture, promoting greater efficiency in input use, reducing environmental impacts, and enhancing production sustainability. Among the available technologies, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) stands out for enabling dynamic flow adjustment while maintaining stable operating pressure and ensuring better operational uniformity. This thesis aimed to analyze, develop, and validate a low-cost PWM system for variable-rate spraying control, integrating three research fronts. The first front consisted of a bibliometric and scientometric analysis, which highlighted the accelerated growth of scientific production on variable-rate spraying since 2011, with the United States and China leading the field, as well as the central role of PWM technology in recent discussions. The second front involved the development of a PWM controller prototype using an ESP32 microcontroller and a custom printed circuit board, which proved to be efficient, accessible, and functional at frequencies of up to 25 Hz, with potential applications in commercial sprayers and teaching/research laboratories. In the experimental stage, two complementary approaches were conducted: (i) the determination of flow rate and discharge coefficient of XR and AI nozzle models, with different nominal flow rates, under varying pressures, frequencies, and duty cycles, demonstrating that these factors significantly influence the system’s hydraulic performance; and (ii) the characterization of flow rate and droplet spectrum of the ULDM 13002 nozzle (Hypro®) operating under PWM, in which a predominance of ultra-coarse droplets was observed, associated with low drift risk but high runoff potential, in addition to the combined influence of frequency and duty cycle on spectrum homogeneity. The results confirm the relevance of developing accessible technological solutions for variable-rate spraying, while also providing technical insights into the operational effects of PWM systems on hydraulic parameters and droplet spectrum. It is concluded that the adoption of low-cost PWM systems can contribute to the democratization of precision agriculture, supporting both scientific research and practical applications, with gains in efficiency, safety, and sustainability in pesticide use. Keywords: variable-rate spraying; pulse width modulation; dischargecoefficient; flow control.
The application of pesticides at variable rates represents one of the main innovations in precision agriculture, promoting greater efficiency in input use, reducing environmental impacts, and enhancing production sustainability. Among the available technologies, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) stands out for enabling dynamic flow adjustment while maintaining stable operating pressure and ensuring better operational uniformity. This thesis aimed to analyze, develop, and validate a low-cost PWM system for variable-rate spraying control, integrating three research fronts. The first front consisted of a bibliometric and scientometric analysis, which highlighted the accelerated growth of scientific production on variable-rate spraying since 2011, with the United States and China leading the field, as well as the central role of PWM technology in recent discussions. The second front involved the development of a PWM controller prototype using an ESP32 microcontroller and a custom printed circuit board, which proved to be efficient, accessible, and functional at frequencies of up to 25 Hz, with potential applications in commercial sprayers and teaching/research laboratories. In the experimental stage, two complementary approaches were conducted: (i) the determination of flow rate and discharge coefficient of XR and AI nozzle models, with different nominal flow rates, under varying pressures, frequencies, and duty cycles, demonstrating that these factors significantly influence the system’s hydraulic performance; and (ii) the characterization of flow rate and droplet spectrum of the ULDM 13002 nozzle (Hypro®) operating under PWM, in which a predominance of ultra-coarse droplets was observed, associated with low drift risk but high runoff potential, in addition to the combined influence of frequency and duty cycle on spectrum homogeneity. The results confirm the relevance of developing accessible technological solutions for variable-rate spraying, while also providing technical insights into the operational effects of PWM systems on hydraulic parameters and droplet spectrum. It is concluded that the adoption of low-cost PWM systems can contribute to the democratization of precision agriculture, supporting both scientific research and practical applications, with gains in efficiency, safety, and sustainability in pesticide use. Keywords: variable-rate spraying; pulse width modulation; dischargecoefficient; flow control.
Description
Citation
VARGAS, Beatriz Costalonga. Desenvolvimento e validação de um sistema PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) para aplicação de defensivos em taxa variável. 2025. 105 f. Tese (Doutorado em Engenharia Agrícola) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2025.
