Interações entre o predador Podisus nigrispinus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) e o parasitóide Palmistichus elaeisis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
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Data
2010-09-10
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
O uso de mais de uma espécie de inimigo natural para o controle de pragas pode aumentar a eficiência do controle biológico, principalmente, quando esses organismos atuam sobre diferentes estágios da praga. A diversificação da fauna
benéfica pode reduzir a população de herbívoros e quanto mais diversa, maior o
tempo sem perturbação dos ecossistemas, maior o número de conexões formadas e a estabilidade local. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar se existe competição e predação intraguilda entre Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) e imaturos de Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) e o efeito desses fenômenos na biologia desses inimigos naturais. No capítulo I pupas de Thyrinteina arnobia (Stoll) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) e do hospedeiro alternativo Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) foram expostas ao parasitismo por seis fêmeas de P. elaeisis. Para verificar a seletividade do predador uma pupa sadia (T1) e outra parasitada por P. elaeisis (T2) foram dispostas em faces opostas de uma placa de Petri. Fêmeas de P. nigrispinus foram liberadas, individualmente, no centro dessas placas e a preferência de cada fêmea por pupa, sadia ou parasitada por P. elaeisis, foi observada. No capítulo II cem fêmeas de P. nigrispinus foram pesadas e individualizadas em placas de Petri. Vinte e cinco dessas fêmeas receberam, por três dias consecutivos, pupas de T. molitor sadias (T1), enquanto outras 75 receberam pupas com um (T2) ou nove (T3) ou 18 dias (T4) do parasitismo por P. elaeisis. A predação foi permitida por 24 horas com as pupas sendo pesadas antes e após esse período e substituídas por novas. No quarto dia, as fêmeas de P. nigrispinus foram novamente pesadas para se avaliar o peso final das mesmas. No capítulo III pupas do hospedeiro alternativo Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) foram expostas ao parasitismo por P. elaeisis por 24 horas. Essas pupas, contendo larvas ou pupas de P. elaeisis, foram individualizadas em placas de Petri com um chumaço de algodão embebido com água destilada e com uma fêmea de P. nigrispinus. Os tratamentos consistiram dos períodos sem predação (T1) ou com 24 (T2) e 48 horas (T3) do predador com as pupas. A seguir, as pupas foram retiradas das placas de Petri e individualizadas em tubos de vidro. O ciclo (ovo-adulto), a emergência, a longevidade, a razão sexual e os parâmetros morfométricos de adultos de P. elaeisis foram avaliados. Nos capítulos IV e V os tratamentos foram ninfas de P. nigrispinus alimentadas com pupas de T. molitor parasitadas por P. elaeisis (T1); ninfas de P. nigrispinus com pupas parasitadas ou sadias em proporções equivalentes (1:1) (T2) e ninfas de P. nigrispinus com pupas
sadias (T3). Após a emergência os adultos de P. nigrispinus receberam a mesma
dieta das ninfas que os originaram e foram sexados, individualizados em sacos
brancos de organza envolvendo folhas de Eucalyptus spp. e acasalados, com um
casal por saco de organza. Podisus nigrispinus é seletivo, ao evitar presas
parasitadas e, quando isso não ocorre, a predação intraguilda ocorre de forma
simétrica. O consumo da biomassa de presas parasitadas foi menor que o das
sadias e aumentou com a progressão ontogenética do parasitóide. Fêmeas de P.
nigrispinus atingem o peso ideal (>60 mg), para maior fecundidade, mesmo se
alimentando de presas parasitadas. A predação intraguilda afeta a emergência e
a biologia do parasitóide P. elaeisis. O número de adultos emergidos por pupa e
a razão sexual desse parasitóide diminuiram, quando o hospedeiro permaneceu
com o predador por 48h. Pupas hospedeiras, com parasitóides no estágio de
larva, quando predadas, apresentam efeitos positivos na biologia de P. elaeisis,
como menor ciclo (ovo-adulto) e maior longevidade de suas fêmeas. Podisus
nigrispinus pode coexistir com P. elaeisis e ter reduzido impacto no desempenho de suas ninfas por esse competidor. Ninfas de P. nigrispinus, em intensa competição com imaturos de P. elaeisis, têm seu ciclo aumentado em, até, oito dias, mas sua sobrevivência permanece alta. A massa corpórea das ninfas e adultos de P. nigrispinus foi menor com pupas parasitadas, mas seus adultos mantiveram a largura da cabeça característica da espécie. A predação intraguilda intensa pode, também, reduzir a oviposição e taxas de crescimento populacional e aumentar a mortalidade de adultos de P. nigrispinus, mas sem provocar a exclusão da espécie. No entanto, competições equilibradas (1:1) com parasitóides têm menor impacto em adultos desse predador. O reduzido impacto da competição ou predação intraguilda entre P. nigrispinus e P. elaeisis, mostra que esse predador não pode excluir P. elaeisis da área, ou vice versa e esses inimigos naturais possuem estratégias de coexistência no mesmo habitat.
The use of more than one natural enemy for pests control can increase the efficiency of the biological control, mainly, when those organisms act on different apprenticeships of the pests. The diversification of the beneficial fauna can reduce the population of herbivores and the disturbance of the ecosystems, increasing the local stability. The objective was to determine the existence of competition and intraguild predation among Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) and immature of Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and the effect of those phenomena in those natural enemies' biology. In the chapter I Thyrinteina arnobia (Stoll) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) and the host alternative Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) pupae were exposed to the parasitism for six females of P. elaeisis. To verify the selectivity of the predator a healthy pupa (T1) and another parasited by P. elaeisis (T2) were willing in opposite faces of Petri dishes. Podisus nigrispinus females were liberated, individually, in the center of those dishes and the preference of each female for pupae was observed. In the chapter II a hundred P. nigrispinus females were weighed and individualized in Petri dishes. Twenty-five of those females received for three consecutive days T. molitor healthy pupae (T1), while other 75 received pupae with one (T2) or nine (T3) or 18 days (T4) of the parasitism for P. elaeisis. The predation was allowed by 24 hours with the pupae being weighed before and after that period and substituted for a new. In the fourth day, the P. nigrispinus females were weighed again to evaluate the final weight of the same ones. In the chapter III pupae of the host alternative T. molitor were exposed to the parasitism for P. elaeisis for 24 hours. Those pupae containing P. elaeisis larvae or pupae were individualized in Petri dishes with a P. nigrispinus female. The treatments consisted of the no predation (T1) or 24 (T2) and 48 hours (T3) of the predator with the pupas. The pupas were removed of the Petri dishes and individualized in glass tubes. The cycle (egg-adult), the emergency, the longevity, the sexual reason and the morphometric parameters of P. elaeisis adults were appraised. In the chapters IV and V the treatments were P. nigrispinus nymphs fed with pupae of T. molitor parasited by P. elaeisis (T1); P. nigrispinus nymphs with parasited pupae or healthy in equivalent proportions (1:1) (T2) and P. nigrispinus nymphs with healthy pupae (T3). After the emergency P. nigrispinus adults received the same diet and they were put inside white sacks involving leaves of Eucalyptus spp. with a couple for sack. Podisus nigrispinus is selective, when avoiding parasited pupae and, when that doesn't happen, the intraguild predation happens in a symmetrical way. The consumption of the parasited preys biomass was smaller than the healthy ones and it increased with the progression of the parasitoid development. Podisus nigrispinus females reach the ideal weight (>60 mg) for larger fecundity same feeding of parasited preys. The intraguild predation affects the P. elaeisis emergency and biology. The number of adults emerged by pupa and the sexual reason of that parasitoid decreased when the host stayed with the predator for 48 hours. Host pupae with parasitoids in the larvae apprenticeship present positive effects in the biology, like as smaller cycle (egg-adult) and larger longevity of their females. Podisus nigrispinus can coexist with P. elaeisis and to have reduced impact in the acting of their nymphs for that competitor. Podisus nigrispinus nymphs in intense competition with P. elaeisis have your cycle increased in until eight days but predator survival stays high. The corporal mass of the nymphs and adults of P. nigrispinus were smaller with parasited pupae. The intense intraguild predation can also to reduce the oviposition and taxes of population growth and to increase the adults' of P. nigrispinus mortality but without provoking the exclusion of the species. However, balanced competitions (1:1) with parasitoids have smaller impact in adults of that predator. The reduced impact of the competition or intraguild predation between P. nigrispinus and P. elaeisis shows that the predator cannot exclude P. elaeisis of the area or the reverse and those natural enemies possess coexistence strategies in the same habitat.
The use of more than one natural enemy for pests control can increase the efficiency of the biological control, mainly, when those organisms act on different apprenticeships of the pests. The diversification of the beneficial fauna can reduce the population of herbivores and the disturbance of the ecosystems, increasing the local stability. The objective was to determine the existence of competition and intraguild predation among Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) and immature of Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and the effect of those phenomena in those natural enemies' biology. In the chapter I Thyrinteina arnobia (Stoll) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) and the host alternative Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) pupae were exposed to the parasitism for six females of P. elaeisis. To verify the selectivity of the predator a healthy pupa (T1) and another parasited by P. elaeisis (T2) were willing in opposite faces of Petri dishes. Podisus nigrispinus females were liberated, individually, in the center of those dishes and the preference of each female for pupae was observed. In the chapter II a hundred P. nigrispinus females were weighed and individualized in Petri dishes. Twenty-five of those females received for three consecutive days T. molitor healthy pupae (T1), while other 75 received pupae with one (T2) or nine (T3) or 18 days (T4) of the parasitism for P. elaeisis. The predation was allowed by 24 hours with the pupae being weighed before and after that period and substituted for a new. In the fourth day, the P. nigrispinus females were weighed again to evaluate the final weight of the same ones. In the chapter III pupae of the host alternative T. molitor were exposed to the parasitism for P. elaeisis for 24 hours. Those pupae containing P. elaeisis larvae or pupae were individualized in Petri dishes with a P. nigrispinus female. The treatments consisted of the no predation (T1) or 24 (T2) and 48 hours (T3) of the predator with the pupas. The pupas were removed of the Petri dishes and individualized in glass tubes. The cycle (egg-adult), the emergency, the longevity, the sexual reason and the morphometric parameters of P. elaeisis adults were appraised. In the chapters IV and V the treatments were P. nigrispinus nymphs fed with pupae of T. molitor parasited by P. elaeisis (T1); P. nigrispinus nymphs with parasited pupae or healthy in equivalent proportions (1:1) (T2) and P. nigrispinus nymphs with healthy pupae (T3). After the emergency P. nigrispinus adults received the same diet and they were put inside white sacks involving leaves of Eucalyptus spp. with a couple for sack. Podisus nigrispinus is selective, when avoiding parasited pupae and, when that doesn't happen, the intraguild predation happens in a symmetrical way. The consumption of the parasited preys biomass was smaller than the healthy ones and it increased with the progression of the parasitoid development. Podisus nigrispinus females reach the ideal weight (>60 mg) for larger fecundity same feeding of parasited preys. The intraguild predation affects the P. elaeisis emergency and biology. The number of adults emerged by pupa and the sexual reason of that parasitoid decreased when the host stayed with the predator for 48 hours. Host pupae with parasitoids in the larvae apprenticeship present positive effects in the biology, like as smaller cycle (egg-adult) and larger longevity of their females. Podisus nigrispinus can coexist with P. elaeisis and to have reduced impact in the acting of their nymphs for that competitor. Podisus nigrispinus nymphs in intense competition with P. elaeisis have your cycle increased in until eight days but predator survival stays high. The corporal mass of the nymphs and adults of P. nigrispinus were smaller with parasited pupae. The intense intraguild predation can also to reduce the oviposition and taxes of population growth and to increase the adults' of P. nigrispinus mortality but without provoking the exclusion of the species. However, balanced competitions (1:1) with parasitoids have smaller impact in adults of that predator. The reduced impact of the competition or intraguild predation between P. nigrispinus and P. elaeisis shows that the predator cannot exclude P. elaeisis of the area or the reverse and those natural enemies possess coexistence strategies in the same habitat.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Competição, Lepidoptera, Predação intraguilda, Competition, Lepidoptera, Intraguild predation
Citação
SOARES, Marcus Alvarenga. Interactions among the predator Podisus nigrispinus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) and the parasitoid Palmistichus elaeisis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). 2010. 119 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência entomológica; Tecnologia entomológica) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 2010.