Tecnologias emergentes para cultivo e colheita de microalgas: co-tratamento de efluentes para adequação da razão C/N e otimização da eletrocoagulação
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
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Esta tese investigou estratégias emergentes para o cultivo e colheita de biomassa de microalgas, visando à valorização de águas residuárias e geração de biocompostos de interesse econômico. Inicialmente, o Capítulo I apresenta o estado da arte sobre cultivo de biomassa em águas residuárias, abordando diferentes estratégias para aumento da produção e acúmulo de metabólitos. Adicionalmente, a revisão explora técnicas emergentes para a colheita de biomassa cultivadas em águas residuárias, como a eletrocoagulação (EC), apresentando benefícios e limitações do processo, além das principais oportunidades de pesquisa. No Capítulo II, foi analisado o impacto da razão mássica carbono/nitrogênio (C/N, m/m) no cultivo de biomassa microalgal, utilizando uma combinação de águas residuárias municipais com águas residuárias industriais do processamento de sucos. A pesquisa foi realizada em escala de bancada, visando determinar as proporções de águas residuárias que proporcionam o melhor desempenho no cultivo e acúmulo de biocompostos. Os resultados mostraram que as razões C/N de 30,67 e 7,52 resultaram nas maiores concentrações de Clorofila-a, sendo 1,47 e 1,54 vezes superiores às observadas no cultivo realizado exclusivamente com águas residuárias municipais (razão C/N de 1,75). Adicionalmente, a razão C/N elevada (30,67) favoreceu o acúmulo de lipídios (26,39%) e carboidratos (30,07%), enquanto C/N moderada (7,52) aumentou a fração proteica (33,00%). Em uma abordagem de aumento de escala, o Capítulo III investiga os efeitos da razão C/N no cultivo em escala piloto, usando lagoas de alta taxa. Avaliaram-se diferentes razões C/N (9,65; 25,31; 52,71), através da combinação de águas residuárias municipais com águas residuárias industriais. A menor razão C/N apresentou teor de proteínas superior (25,37%), enquanto a maior razão C/N proporcionou maior produção de ácidos graxos para C16:0 (40,39%) e C18:0 (10,08%), destacando seu potencial para produção de biocombustíveis. Essas descobertas reforçam a relevância do ajuste da razão C/N conforme o objetivo pretendido, seja para rotas energéticas ou agrícolas. Nos Capítulos IV e V, estudou- se a otimização da EC como tecnologia de colheita. O Capítulo IV avaliou o impacto de parâmetros operacionais (pH, densidade de corrente e tempo) na eficiência de colheita e na concentração de Alumínio na água residual do processo. Os melhores resultados (até 92,61% de eficiência de colheita) ocorreram em pH 8, com 5 A e 7 minutos de operação. Posteriormente, a Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta (Capítulo V) permitiu encontrar a combinação de parâmetros operacionais que maximiza a eficiência de colheita (~75%) e minimiza a contaminação por alumínio. Além disso, a avaliação de ciclo de vida indicou o consumo energético como a principal fonte de impacto, recomendando o uso de energias renováveis para mitigação. Em síntese, esta tese demonstra que o ajuste da razão C/N, por meio da mistura de diferentes águas residuárias, pode aumentar a produção e o acúmulo de compostos de alto valor em microalgas, ao mesmo tempo em que aprimora a remoção de poluentes. Aliada a processos de eletrocoagulação otimizados, a abordagem proposta contribui para viabilizar a biotecnologia algal, criando uma alternativa sustentável no tratamento de efluentes e na obtenção de bioprodutos. Palavras-chave: Tratamento de águas residuárias; Biomassa de microalgas; Recuperação de Recursos; Razão C/N; Eletrocoagulação; Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida.
This thesis investigated emerging strategies for microalgae biomass cultivation and harvesting, aiming to valorize wastewater and generate economically valuable biocompounds. Initially, Chapter I presents the state of the art of biomass cultivation in wastewater, addressing different strategies to enhance production and metabolite accumulation. Additionally, the review explores emerging techniques for harvesting biomass grown in wastewater, such as electrocoagulation-flotation (ECF), discussing the benefits and limitations of the process, as well as key research opportunities. In Chapter II, the impact of the carbon/nitrogen (C/N, m/m) ratio on microalgal biomass cultivation was analyzed by combining municipal wastewater with industrial wastewater from juice processing. The experiments were conducted at bench scale to determine which proportions of wastewater yield the best cultivation performance and biocompound accumulation. The results showed that C/N ratios of 30.67 and 7.52 led to the highest Chlorophyll-a concentrations, 1.47 and 1.54 times higher than those observed in cultivation carried out exclusively with municipal wastewater (C/N ratio of 1.75). Furthermore, a high C/N ratio (30.67) favored lipid (26.39%) and carbohydrate (30.07%) accumulation, whereas a moderate C/N ratio (7.52) increased the protein fraction (33.00%). Adopting a larger scale approach, Chapter III investigates the effects of the C/N ratio on pilot-scale cultivation using high-rate ponds. Different C/N ratios (9.65; 25.31; 52.71) were evaluated by combining municipal wastewater with industrial wastewater. The lowest C/N ratio achieved higher protein content (25.37%), whereas the highest C/N ratio promoted greater production of fatty acids for C16:0 (40.39%) and C18:0 (10.08%), demonstrating potential for biofuel production. These findings reinforce the importance of adjusting the C/N ratio according to the desired goal, whether for energy or agricultural routes. In Chapters IV and V, the optimization of ECF as a harvesting technology was studied. Chapter IV evaluated the impact of operational parameters (pH, current density, and time) on harvesting efficiency and aluminum concentration in the residual water. The best results (up to 92.61% harvesting efficiency) were obtained at pH 8, with 5 A and 7 minutes of operation. Subsequently, the Response Surface Methodology (Chapter V) identified the combination of operational parameters that maximizes harvesting efficiency (~75%) and minimizes aluminum contamination. Moreover, the life cycle assessment indicated energy consumption as the main source of impact, highlighting the recommendation to use renewable energy for mitigation. In summary, this thesis demonstrates that adjusting the C/N ratio by mixing different wastewaters can increase microalgae production and the accumulation of high-value compounds, while also improving pollutant removal. Combined with optimized electrocoagulation- flotation processes, the proposed approach contributes to making algal biotechnology feasible, providing a sustainable alternative for wastewater treatment and bioproduct generation. Keywords: Wastewater treatment; Microalgae biomass; Resource recovery; C/N ratio; Electrocoagulation; Life cycle assessment.
This thesis investigated emerging strategies for microalgae biomass cultivation and harvesting, aiming to valorize wastewater and generate economically valuable biocompounds. Initially, Chapter I presents the state of the art of biomass cultivation in wastewater, addressing different strategies to enhance production and metabolite accumulation. Additionally, the review explores emerging techniques for harvesting biomass grown in wastewater, such as electrocoagulation-flotation (ECF), discussing the benefits and limitations of the process, as well as key research opportunities. In Chapter II, the impact of the carbon/nitrogen (C/N, m/m) ratio on microalgal biomass cultivation was analyzed by combining municipal wastewater with industrial wastewater from juice processing. The experiments were conducted at bench scale to determine which proportions of wastewater yield the best cultivation performance and biocompound accumulation. The results showed that C/N ratios of 30.67 and 7.52 led to the highest Chlorophyll-a concentrations, 1.47 and 1.54 times higher than those observed in cultivation carried out exclusively with municipal wastewater (C/N ratio of 1.75). Furthermore, a high C/N ratio (30.67) favored lipid (26.39%) and carbohydrate (30.07%) accumulation, whereas a moderate C/N ratio (7.52) increased the protein fraction (33.00%). Adopting a larger scale approach, Chapter III investigates the effects of the C/N ratio on pilot-scale cultivation using high-rate ponds. Different C/N ratios (9.65; 25.31; 52.71) were evaluated by combining municipal wastewater with industrial wastewater. The lowest C/N ratio achieved higher protein content (25.37%), whereas the highest C/N ratio promoted greater production of fatty acids for C16:0 (40.39%) and C18:0 (10.08%), demonstrating potential for biofuel production. These findings reinforce the importance of adjusting the C/N ratio according to the desired goal, whether for energy or agricultural routes. In Chapters IV and V, the optimization of ECF as a harvesting technology was studied. Chapter IV evaluated the impact of operational parameters (pH, current density, and time) on harvesting efficiency and aluminum concentration in the residual water. The best results (up to 92.61% harvesting efficiency) were obtained at pH 8, with 5 A and 7 minutes of operation. Subsequently, the Response Surface Methodology (Chapter V) identified the combination of operational parameters that maximizes harvesting efficiency (~75%) and minimizes aluminum contamination. Moreover, the life cycle assessment indicated energy consumption as the main source of impact, highlighting the recommendation to use renewable energy for mitigation. In summary, this thesis demonstrates that adjusting the C/N ratio by mixing different wastewaters can increase microalgae production and the accumulation of high-value compounds, while also improving pollutant removal. Combined with optimized electrocoagulation- flotation processes, the proposed approach contributes to making algal biotechnology feasible, providing a sustainable alternative for wastewater treatment and bioproduct generation. Keywords: Wastewater treatment; Microalgae biomass; Resource recovery; C/N ratio; Electrocoagulation; Life cycle assessment.
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PEREIRA, Alexia Saleme Aona de Paula. Tecnologias emergentes para cultivo e colheita de microalgas: co-tratamento de efluentes para adequação da razão C/N e otimização da eletrocoagulação. 2025. 201 f. Tese (Doutorado em Engenharia Civil) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2025.
