Tecnologias de tratamento de efluentes e produção de biomassa: uma abordagem de ciclo de vida
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
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Neste estudo, a Avaliação de Ciclo de Vida foi utilizada como ferramenta para comparar a performance ambiental de diferentes tecnologias de cultivo de microalgas em águas residuárias. Uma primeira modelagem dos sistemas de cultivo foi realizada para as diferentes tecnologias de otimização da produtividade da biomassa algal em lagoas de alta taxa: (i) utilização da suplementação de carbono industrial e de emissões atmosféricas; (ii) utilização de sistemas híbridos, com crescimento aderido em reatores biofilme; e (iii) utilização de pré-desinfecção UV do efluente. Os impactos ambientais para a maioria das categorias foram reduzidos, em grande parte pelos benefícios do uso de águas residuárias como fonte de água e nutrientes, com os sistemas atingindo impactos negativos. A única exceção foram as categorias de eutrofização, com os maiores impactos normalizados junto com as categorias relacionadas à toxicidade. O melhor resultado de tecnologia de otimização da produtividade foi encontrado para o sistema que utiliza o fornecimento de CO 2 do gás de exaustão da combustão da gasolina, para 11 das 13 categorias avaliadas. O processo de maior impacto foi a suplementação de CO 2 industrial, seguido pelo uso de reator de biofilme e consumo de energia. Acoplar o fornecimento de CO 2 industrial e sistemas híbridos para aumentar a produtividade da biomassa não compensou em termos de impactos ambientais, principalmente em função do uso de pesticidas na cadeia produtiva do tecido do reator biofilme e produção industrial de carbono. A avaliação dos cenários foi realizada para aumento e piora do desempenho das taxas de fornecimento de CO2 (± 40%) e vida útil do reator de biofilme (± 20 dias). Oportunidades para melhores resultados deveriam considerar o uso de gás recuperado de diferentes indústrias e diferentes materiais de suporte para o crescimento de biomassa em sistemas híbridos. Uma segunda modelagem foi feita para comparação entre sistemas abertos (lagoas de alta taxa - LAT) e fechados (fotobiorreator de coluna de bolhas - FBR). A LAT teve impactos negativos para 7 das 13 categorias de impacto avaliadas, devido ao menor consumo energético (0,43 kWh por kg de biomassa). Embora o PBR ofereça maior produtividade de biomassa total, seu alto consumo de energia (177,4 kWh por kg de biomassa) causando ao menos 75% dos impactos ambientais. A LAT resultou em impactos ambiental menores que o PBR em 12 das 13 categorias analisadas. A única exceção foi a categoria de Eutrofização Marinha, principalmente devido à menor eficiência na recuperação de nitrogênio durante o cultivo em LAT. O processo mais impactante desse sistema foi o consumo de CO 2 para suplementação (até 80% do impacto gerado). Ainda assim, a demanda de energia da FBR não foi compensada pelo uso de águas residuais como meio de cultivo. O balanço de energia mostra a LAT como um processo viável (NER = 10,68) e aponta a necessidade de uma redução de 97% na demanda de energia para PBR (NER = 0,03) para ser economicamente viável. Melhores resultados poderiam ser encontrados considerando o reuso de CO 2 do processo industrial e provendo energia de fontes renováveis. Palavras-chave: Microalgas. Biomassa. Cultivo. Avaliação de Ciclo de Vida. Tratamento de Águas Residuárias.
In this study, Life Cycle Assessment was used to compare the environmental performance of different technologies for cultivating microalgae in wastewater. First modeling of the cultivation systems was carried out for the different technologies for optimizing the productivity of algal biomass in high-rate ponds: (i) use of industrial carbon supplementation and atmospheric emissions; (ii) use of hybrid systems, with growth adhered to biofilm reactors; and (iii) use of UV pre-disinfection of the effluent. The environmental impacts for most categories were reduced, mainly due to the benefits of using wastewater as a source of water and nutrients, with the systems reaching negative impacts. The only exception was the eutrophication categories, with the highest normalized impacts and the categories related to toxicity. The best result of productivity optimization technology was found for the system that uses CO 2 from the exhaust gas of gasoline combustion for 11 of the 13 categories evaluated. The process with the most significant impact was the supplementation of industrial CO 2 , followed by biofilm reactor and energy consumption. Coupling the supply of industrial CO 2 and hybrid systems to increase biomass productivity has not paid off in terms of environmental impacts, mainly due to pesticides in the production chain of the biofilm reactor tissue and industrial carbon production. The assessment of the scenarios was carried out to increase and worsen the performance of the CO 2 supply rates (± 40%) and the useful life of the biofilm reactor (± 20 days). Opportunities for better results should consider the use of gas recovered from different industries and different support materials for the growth of biomass in hybrid systems. Second modeling was done to compare open systems (high rate pond - HRP) and closed systems (bubble column photobioreactor - PBR). HRP had negative impacts for 7 of the 13 impact categories assessed due to the lower energy consumption (0.43 kWh per kg of biomass). Even though PBR offers higher total biomass productivity, high energy consumption (177.4 kWh per kg of biomass) causes at least 75% of the environmental impacts. HRP resulted in lower environmental impacts than PBR in 12 of the 13 categories analyzed. The only exception was the Marine Eutrophication category, mainly due to the lower efficiency in nitrogen recovery during HRP cultivation. The most impactful process of this system was the consumption of CO 2 for supplementation (up to 80% of the impact generated). Even so, PBR's energy demand has not been offset by using wastewater as a culture media. The energy balance shows HRP as a viable process (NER = 10.68) and points out the need for a 97% reduction in energy demand for PBR (NER = 0.03) to be economically viable. Better results could be found considering the CO 2 reuse of the industrial process and providing energy from renewable sources. Keywords: Microalgae. Biomass. Cultivation. Life Cycle Assessment. Wastewater Treatment.
In this study, Life Cycle Assessment was used to compare the environmental performance of different technologies for cultivating microalgae in wastewater. First modeling of the cultivation systems was carried out for the different technologies for optimizing the productivity of algal biomass in high-rate ponds: (i) use of industrial carbon supplementation and atmospheric emissions; (ii) use of hybrid systems, with growth adhered to biofilm reactors; and (iii) use of UV pre-disinfection of the effluent. The environmental impacts for most categories were reduced, mainly due to the benefits of using wastewater as a source of water and nutrients, with the systems reaching negative impacts. The only exception was the eutrophication categories, with the highest normalized impacts and the categories related to toxicity. The best result of productivity optimization technology was found for the system that uses CO 2 from the exhaust gas of gasoline combustion for 11 of the 13 categories evaluated. The process with the most significant impact was the supplementation of industrial CO 2 , followed by biofilm reactor and energy consumption. Coupling the supply of industrial CO 2 and hybrid systems to increase biomass productivity has not paid off in terms of environmental impacts, mainly due to pesticides in the production chain of the biofilm reactor tissue and industrial carbon production. The assessment of the scenarios was carried out to increase and worsen the performance of the CO 2 supply rates (± 40%) and the useful life of the biofilm reactor (± 20 days). Opportunities for better results should consider the use of gas recovered from different industries and different support materials for the growth of biomass in hybrid systems. Second modeling was done to compare open systems (high rate pond - HRP) and closed systems (bubble column photobioreactor - PBR). HRP had negative impacts for 7 of the 13 impact categories assessed due to the lower energy consumption (0.43 kWh per kg of biomass). Even though PBR offers higher total biomass productivity, high energy consumption (177.4 kWh per kg of biomass) causes at least 75% of the environmental impacts. HRP resulted in lower environmental impacts than PBR in 12 of the 13 categories analyzed. The only exception was the Marine Eutrophication category, mainly due to the lower efficiency in nitrogen recovery during HRP cultivation. The most impactful process of this system was the consumption of CO 2 for supplementation (up to 80% of the impact generated). Even so, PBR's energy demand has not been offset by using wastewater as a culture media. The energy balance shows HRP as a viable process (NER = 10.68) and points out the need for a 97% reduction in energy demand for PBR (NER = 0.03) to be economically viable. Better results could be found considering the CO 2 reuse of the industrial process and providing energy from renewable sources. Keywords: Microalgae. Biomass. Cultivation. Life Cycle Assessment. Wastewater Treatment.
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MAGALHÃES, Iara Barbosa. Tecnologias de tratamento de efluentes e produção de biomassa: uma abordagem de ciclo de vida. 2021. 86 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Civil) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2021.
