Otimização de um meio com farelo de soja para produção de surfactina na linhagem Bacillus subtilis LBBMA RI4914 IsrfA
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Abstract
Os biossurfactantes microbianos são compostos biodegradáveis com alta eficiência e baixa toxicidade, sendo frequentemente utilizados como alternativas aos surfactantes sintéticos. Entretanto, um dos maiores empecilhos na utilização dos biossurfactantes é o elevado custo de produção. Uma das principais formas de diminuir este custo é o desenvolvimento de meios de cultura mais baratos, utilizando compostos residuais como fonte de carbono e nitrogênio. Neste sentido, os objetivos deste trabalho são: 1) otimizar as concentrações de farelo de soja e açúcar cristal em um meio de cultivo para a produção de biossurfactantes pela cepa modificada Bacillus subtilis LBBMA RI4914 IsrfA; 2) comparar a eficiência do método colorimétrico CPC-BTB de quantificação da surfactina com o método UPLC-MS/MS. Foram combinados o delineamento composto central rotacional com a metodologia de superfície de resposta, estabelecendo diferentes concentrações de farelo de soja e açúcar para os meios de cultivo, sendo as variáveis resposta a concentração de surfactina produzida e a Concentração Micelar Crítica (CMC). Além dos cultivos experimentais, foi realizado um cultivo controle com o meio de cultura padrão utilizado para a produção de biossurfactantes. As culturas foram incubadas a 35 oC e a 150 rpm por 90h, com indução por isopropil-β-D-tiogalactopiranosídeo (IPTG) a 0,78mM e DO 600 inicial de 0,29. Os sobrenadantes das culturas foram purificados por precipitação ácida, liofilizados e submetidos à quantificação por UPLC-MS/MS. Os extratos gerados foram utilizados para a determinação da CMC. Também foram feitos ensaios de espalhamento de óleo e determinação do índice de emulsificação com óleo de soja e petróleo. Para o método CPC-BTB, foi estabelecida uma curva padrão empregando- se surfactina comercial (Sigma-Aldrich) e as concentrações de extrato bruto foram ajustadas para se enquadrar dentro dos limites da curva. Com exceção da unidade experimental 10, os valores de CMC obtidos foram consideravelmente baixos e próximos à CMC da surfactina pura. Nos testes de espalhamento de óleo, a amostra 10 teve resultado negativo, enquanto as demais amostras geraram valores semelhantes ao do controle. O índice de emulsificação não teve resultado significativo para o óleo de soja, entretanto teve resultado positivo em todas as amostras para o petróleo. O método CPC-BTB demonstrou-se ineficiente em quantificar a surfactina, porém útil na sua detecção. Os gráficos de superfície de resposta gerados retornaram um ponto de máximo para a produção de surfactina em 56,04 g L -1 de soja, sem interferência do açúcar. Já para a CMC, o ponto de mínimo foi determinado em 38,95 g L -1 de açúcar, sem interferência do farelo de soja. Esses resultados sugerem que há outros fatores interferindo na tensão superficial além da concentração de surfactina. Desse modo, o meio otimizado foi definido com concentrações de 56,04 g L -1 de soja e 10 g L -1 de açúcar, sendo um meio 14 vezes mais barato que o meio mineral padrão. Também foi estabelecido que meios com concentração superior a 82 g L -1 de farelo de soja podem inibir a produção de surfactina. Palavras-chave: surfactina; biossurfactantes; farelo de soja; Bacillus subtilis.
Microbial biosurfactants are biodegradable compounds with high efficiency and low toxicity, and are frequently used as alternatives to synthetic surfactants. However, one of the biggest obstacles to the use of biosurfactants is the high production cost. One way to reduce this cost is the development of cheaper culture media, using residual compounds as carbon and nitrogen sources. In this sense, the aims of this project are: 1) to optimize the concentrations of soybean meal and crystal sugar in a culture medium for the production of biosurfactants by the modified strain Bacillus subtilis LBBMA RI4914 IsrfA; 2) to compare the efficiency between the colorimetric CPC-BTB method and the UPLC-MS/MS for the quantification of surfactin. To achieve it, the central composite rotational design was combined with the response surface methodology, establishing different concentrations of soybean meal and commercial sugar for the culture media, with the response variables being the concentration of surfactin and the Critical Micellar Concentration (CMC). In addition to the experimental cultures, a control culture was performed with the standard culture medium used for the production of biosurfactants. The cultures were incubated at 35 °C and 150 rpm for 90 h, with induction by isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) at 0.78 mM and initial OD 600 of 0.29. The culture supernatants were purified by acid precipitation, lyophilized and subjected to quantification by UPLC-MS/MS. The extracts were used to determine the CMC. Oil spreading tests and determination of the emulsification index (E 24 ) with soybean oil and petroleum were also performed. For the CPC-BTB method, a standard curve was established using commercial surfactin (Sigma-Aldrich) and the crude extract concentrations were adjusted to fit within the limits of the curve. With the exception of experimental unit 10, the CMC values obtained were considerably low and close to the CMC of pure surfactin. In the oil spreading tests, sample 10 had a negative result, while the other samples generated values similar to the control. The emulsification index did not have a significant result for soybean oil, however it had a positive result in all samples for petroleum. The CPC-BTB method proved to be inefficient in quantifying surfactin, but useful in its detection. The response surface graphs generated returned a maximum point for surfactin production at 56.04 g L -1 of soybean, without interference from sugar. For CMC, the minimum point was determined at 38.95 g L -1 of sugar, without interference from soybean meal. These results suggest that there are other factors interfering with surface tension besides surfactin concentration. Thus, the optimized medium was defined with concentrations of 56.04 g L -1 of soybean and 10 g L -1 of sugar, being a medium 14 times cheaper than the standard mineral medium. It was also established that media with concentrations higher than 82 g L -1 of soybean meal can inhibit surfactin production. Keywords: surfactin; biosurfactants; soybean meal; Bacillus subtilis.
Microbial biosurfactants are biodegradable compounds with high efficiency and low toxicity, and are frequently used as alternatives to synthetic surfactants. However, one of the biggest obstacles to the use of biosurfactants is the high production cost. One way to reduce this cost is the development of cheaper culture media, using residual compounds as carbon and nitrogen sources. In this sense, the aims of this project are: 1) to optimize the concentrations of soybean meal and crystal sugar in a culture medium for the production of biosurfactants by the modified strain Bacillus subtilis LBBMA RI4914 IsrfA; 2) to compare the efficiency between the colorimetric CPC-BTB method and the UPLC-MS/MS for the quantification of surfactin. To achieve it, the central composite rotational design was combined with the response surface methodology, establishing different concentrations of soybean meal and commercial sugar for the culture media, with the response variables being the concentration of surfactin and the Critical Micellar Concentration (CMC). In addition to the experimental cultures, a control culture was performed with the standard culture medium used for the production of biosurfactants. The cultures were incubated at 35 °C and 150 rpm for 90 h, with induction by isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) at 0.78 mM and initial OD 600 of 0.29. The culture supernatants were purified by acid precipitation, lyophilized and subjected to quantification by UPLC-MS/MS. The extracts were used to determine the CMC. Oil spreading tests and determination of the emulsification index (E 24 ) with soybean oil and petroleum were also performed. For the CPC-BTB method, a standard curve was established using commercial surfactin (Sigma-Aldrich) and the crude extract concentrations were adjusted to fit within the limits of the curve. With the exception of experimental unit 10, the CMC values obtained were considerably low and close to the CMC of pure surfactin. In the oil spreading tests, sample 10 had a negative result, while the other samples generated values similar to the control. The emulsification index did not have a significant result for soybean oil, however it had a positive result in all samples for petroleum. The CPC-BTB method proved to be inefficient in quantifying surfactin, but useful in its detection. The response surface graphs generated returned a maximum point for surfactin production at 56.04 g L -1 of soybean, without interference from sugar. For CMC, the minimum point was determined at 38.95 g L -1 of sugar, without interference from soybean meal. These results suggest that there are other factors interfering with surface tension besides surfactin concentration. Thus, the optimized medium was defined with concentrations of 56.04 g L -1 of soybean and 10 g L -1 of sugar, being a medium 14 times cheaper than the standard mineral medium. It was also established that media with concentrations higher than 82 g L -1 of soybean meal can inhibit surfactin production. Keywords: surfactin; biosurfactants; soybean meal; Bacillus subtilis.
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Citation
LIMA, Ana Paula de Paiva. Otimização de um meio com farelo de soja para produção de surfactina na linhagem Bacillus subtilis LBBMA RI4914 IsrfA. 2025. 42 f. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Graduação) - Ciências Biológicas – Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2025.
