Diagnóstico operacional de uma estação de tratamento de efluentes em uma indústria de laticínios: estudo de concepção de pós-tratamento
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Data
2025-01-23
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
O crescimento da indústria alimentícia, especialmente no setor lácteo, tem gerado grandes volumes de águas residuárias poluídas, o que exige sistemas de tratamento eficientes para cumprir as normas ambientais. O sistema de lodos ativados é amplamente utilizado, mas enfrenta desafios como complexidade operacional e baixa eficiência na remoção de patógenos. Neste trabalho visa-se diagnosticar a operação de uma estação de tratamento de efluentes em uma indústria de laticínios e propor estratégias para otimizar sua eficiência, incluindo a implementação de um sistema de pós-tratamento adequado. O estudo foi realizado em uma estação de tratamento de efluentes de um laticínio localizado na Zona da Mata Mineira. Coletas foram realizadas em pontos estratégicos para analisar as vazões de entrada e saída, o lodo gerado e os principais parâmetros de monitoramento, como Oxigênio Dissolvido (OD) e pH. Além disso, foram dimensionadas alternativas de tratamento terciário (Wetland Construído, Lagoa Facultativa e Escoamento Superficial) para determinar a opção mais vantajosa no complemento do tratamento da unidade, com base nas metodologias propostas por Reed, Von Sperling, US EPA e a NBR 17.076.A vazão de entrada e saída da estação apresenta variações devido ao descarte de lodo e horários de operação. O pH e a concentração de OD estão fora das faixas recomendadas, prejudicando a eficiência do sistema de lodos ativados. A baixa sedimentabilidade do lodo e a produção excessiva de substâncias poliméricas extracelulares (EPS) resultam em bulking viscoso e filamentoso, o que afeta a clarificação e a eficiência do processo. Bactérias filamentosas como o Tipo 0675 e Haliscomenobacter hydrossis aumentam o volume do lodo e competem por nutrientes. Além disso, os parâmetros do efluente final e do percolado estão acima dos limites estabelecidos pela legislação, indicando a necessidade de ajustes no processo. O escoamento superficial exige menos espaço e infraestrutura, sendo vantajoso em locais com área limitada e reduzindo custos de aquisição de terrenos. Porém, a lagoa facultativa se destaca na remoção de DBO, nitrogênio e coliformes, resultando em efluentes mais limpos, com menor impacto ambiental e aptos para reuso. Embora exija maior área e custos com terrenos, a lagoa facultativa é baseada em processos biológicos naturais e apresenta menor complexidade operacional. Desse modo, destaca-se a necessidade de aprimorar o monitoramento da estação de tratamento de efluentes, especialmente para as vazões de saída. Recomenda ajustes nos parâmetros operacionais, como o uso de malhas difusoras de oxigênio e controle do pH, além da implementação de coagulantes e biocidas para combater o bulking viscoso. Aumentar a eficiência do sistema de oxigenação e ajustar a relação F/M também são essenciais. Por fim, sugere a criação de uma lagoa facultativa para garantir o cumprimento das exigências ambientais. Palavras-chave: Lodos ativados; Monitoramento ambiental; Recuperação de recursos.
The growth of the food industry, especially in the dairy sector, has generated large volumes of polluted wastewater, requiring efficient treatment systems to comply with environmental regulations. The activated sludge system is widely used but faces challenges such as operational complexity and low efficiency in pathogen removal. This study aims to diagnose the operation of a wastewater treatment plant in a dairy industry and propose strategies to optimize its efficiency, including the implementation of an appropriate post-treatment system. The research was conducted at a wastewater treatment plant in a dairy facility located in the Zona da Mata region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Samples were collected at strategic points to analyze the inlet and outlet flow rates, the sludge generated, and key monitoring parameters such as Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and pH. Additionally, tertiary treatment alternatives (Constructed Wetland, Facultative Pond, and Surface Flow) were designed to determine the most advantageous option for complementing the plant's treatment process, based on methodologies proposed by Reed, Von Sperling, the US EPA, and NBR 17.076. The plant's inlet and outlet flow rates vary due to sludge disposal and operational schedules. The pH and DO concentration are outside the recommended ranges, affecting the efficiency of the activated sludge system. Poor sludge settleability and excessive production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) result in viscous and filamentous bulking, impacting clarification and overall process efficiency. Filamentous bacteria such as Type 0675 and Haliscomenobacter hydrossis increase sludge volume and compete for nutrients. Moreover, the final effluent and leachate parameters exceed the limits established by legislation, indicating the need for process adjustments. Surface flow treatment requires less space and infrastructure, making it advantageous in areas with limited land availability and reducing land acquisition costs. However, the facultative pond stands out for its efficiency in removing BOD, nitrogen, and coliforms, resulting in cleaner effluents with lower environmental impact and potential for reuse. Although it requires a larger area and higher land costs, the facultative pond relies on natural biological processes and has lower operational complexity. Therefore, improving the monitoring of the wastewater treatment plant, particularly regarding effluent flow rates, is essential. Adjustments to operational parameters, such as using oxygen diffusion grids and pH control, along with the implementation of coagulants and biocides to combat viscous bulking, are recommended. Enhancing the oxygenation system’s efficiency and adjusting the F/M ratio are also crucial. Finally, the study suggests the creation of a facultative pond to ensure compliance with environmental requirements. Keywords: Activated sludge; Environmental monitoring; Resource recovery.
The growth of the food industry, especially in the dairy sector, has generated large volumes of polluted wastewater, requiring efficient treatment systems to comply with environmental regulations. The activated sludge system is widely used but faces challenges such as operational complexity and low efficiency in pathogen removal. This study aims to diagnose the operation of a wastewater treatment plant in a dairy industry and propose strategies to optimize its efficiency, including the implementation of an appropriate post-treatment system. The research was conducted at a wastewater treatment plant in a dairy facility located in the Zona da Mata region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Samples were collected at strategic points to analyze the inlet and outlet flow rates, the sludge generated, and key monitoring parameters such as Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and pH. Additionally, tertiary treatment alternatives (Constructed Wetland, Facultative Pond, and Surface Flow) were designed to determine the most advantageous option for complementing the plant's treatment process, based on methodologies proposed by Reed, Von Sperling, the US EPA, and NBR 17.076. The plant's inlet and outlet flow rates vary due to sludge disposal and operational schedules. The pH and DO concentration are outside the recommended ranges, affecting the efficiency of the activated sludge system. Poor sludge settleability and excessive production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) result in viscous and filamentous bulking, impacting clarification and overall process efficiency. Filamentous bacteria such as Type 0675 and Haliscomenobacter hydrossis increase sludge volume and compete for nutrients. Moreover, the final effluent and leachate parameters exceed the limits established by legislation, indicating the need for process adjustments. Surface flow treatment requires less space and infrastructure, making it advantageous in areas with limited land availability and reducing land acquisition costs. However, the facultative pond stands out for its efficiency in removing BOD, nitrogen, and coliforms, resulting in cleaner effluents with lower environmental impact and potential for reuse. Although it requires a larger area and higher land costs, the facultative pond relies on natural biological processes and has lower operational complexity. Therefore, improving the monitoring of the wastewater treatment plant, particularly regarding effluent flow rates, is essential. Adjustments to operational parameters, such as using oxygen diffusion grids and pH control, along with the implementation of coagulants and biocides to combat viscous bulking, are recommended. Enhancing the oxygenation system’s efficiency and adjusting the F/M ratio are also crucial. Finally, the study suggests the creation of a facultative pond to ensure compliance with environmental requirements. Keywords: Activated sludge; Environmental monitoring; Resource recovery.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Lodos ativados, Monitoramento ambiental, Recuperação de recursos
Citação
GONÇALVES, Ana Carolina Sabino. Diagnóstico operacional de uma estação de tratamento de efluentes em uma indústria de laticínios: estudo de concepção de pós-tratamento. 2025. 50 f. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Graduação) - Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2025.