Capacidade preditiva e associação de indicadores antropométricos com diabetes mellitus, hipertensão arterial e comprometimento da capacidade funcional em idosos
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2016-08-01
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Resumo
Medidas e índices antropométricos de adiposidade são ferramentas simples e de baixo custo úteis para identificar indivíduos com maior risco de incapacidades e morbidades, principalmente aquelas relacionadas a alterações cardiometabólicas. No entanto, ainda há lacunas de conhecimentos e controvérsias sobre os indicadores antropométricos mais apropriados para a avaliação do idoso. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a capacidade preditiva e a associação de indicadores antropométricos com diabetes mellitus (DM), hipertensão arterial (HA) e comprometimento da capacidade funcional em idosos. Trata-se de um estudo transversal em que se avaliou uma amostra representativa de 621 idosos de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, selecionados por amostragem aleatória simples sem reposição. As variáveis dependentes foram HA e DM autorreferidos e comprometimento da capacidade funcional como variável latente obtida a partir de atividades básicas e instrumentais da vida diária. Foram aferidas as seguintes medidas antropométricas: peso, estatura, perímetros da cintura, quadril, braço e panturrilha e calculados os seguintes índices antropométricos: a body shape index (ABSI), body roundness index (BRI), índice de conicidade (IC), índice de adiposidade corporal (IAC), índice de massa corporal (IMC), relação cintura-estatura (RCE), relação cintura- panturrilha (RCP), relação cintura-quadril (RCQ), e relação cintura-quadril- estatura (RCQE). As seguintes covariáveis foram obtidas: idade, sexo, escolaridade, renda, prática de exercícios físicos, tabagismo, ingestão de bebidas alcoólicas e qualidade da dieta. Em relação às características antropométricas, verificou-se que as mulheres apresentaram médias mais elevadas de IMC, RCE, IAC e perímetro do braço (p < 0,001) e homens de peso, estatura e RCQ (p < 0,001). Peso, perímetro da panturrilha e do braço foram menores nos grupos etários mais velhos (p < 0,001) e o mesmo ocorreu para o IMC e estatura entre os homens (p < 0,05). Os índices antropométricos com associação mais forte, positiva e estatisticamente significante com HA foram a RCQE em homens e o IAC e IMC em mulheres. Para o desfecho DM, o índice com associação mais forte, positiva e estatisticamente significante nos homens foi a RCQ e nas mulheres a RCP. O perímetro do quadril apresentou associação inversa e estatisticamente significante com HA nos homens e com DM em ambos os sexos. Em relação à capacidade preditiva, ABSI, BRI, IAC e RCQE não mostraram desempenho superior aos índices antropométricos tradicionais (IMC, PC, RCQ, RCE) para discriminar DM e HA em ambos os sexos, exceto a RCP que apresentou desempenho significantemente superior aos índices tradicionais para predizer DM em mulheres. Foram identificados pontos de corte para as medidas antropométricas por sexo para discriminar HA e DM, porém os valores de sensibilidade e especificidade foram baixos. Por meio da análise fatorial por componentes principais identificou-se dois padrões antropométricos: adiposidade global e adiposidade central. Após ajuste por fatores de confusão, a análise de regressão de Poisson, com variância robusta, mostrou que a única associação que se manteve significante foi aquela entre o padrão antropométrico de adiposidade central e DM em mulheres. Em relação ao comprometimento da capacidade funcional, a análise ajustada por fatores de confusão demonstrou associação positiva e estatisticamente significante do mesmo com IMC (coeficiente padronizado: 0,211; p < 0,001) e perímetro da cintura (coeficiente padronizado: 0,163; p < 0,001). O presente estudo demonstrou que HA, DM e compromentimento da capacidade funcional foram associados positivamente com adiposidade global e distribuição central da gordura corporal em idosos e que os indicadores IMC, perímetro da cintura, RCQ e RCP são os mais apropriados para a avaliação antropométrica do idoso.
Measurements and anthropometric indices of adiposity are simple and inexpensive useful tools to identify individuals at high risk of disability and morbidity, especially those related to cardiometabolic alterations. However, there are still gaps in knowledge and controversies of the anthropometric indicators more appropriate for the assessment of the elderly. The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive ability and the association of anthropometric indicators with diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension arterial (HA) and impaired functional capacity in the elderly. This cross-sectional study evaluated a representative sample of 621 elderly in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil selected by simple random sampling without replacement. The dependent variables were self-reported hypertension, diabetes mellitus and impaired functional capacity as latent variable obtained from basic and instrumental activities of daily living. They were taken the following anthropometric measurements: weight, height, waist, hip, arm and calf circumferences and the following anthropometric indices were calculated: a body shape index (ABSI), body roundness index (BRI), conicity index (CI) index body adiposity (BAI), body mass index (BMI), the waist-height ratio (WHtR), waist-calf ratio (WCR), waist-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-hip-height (WHHtR). The following covariates were obtained: age, sex, education, income elderly, physical exercise, smoking, alcohol intake and diet quality. Regarding the anthropometric characteristics, it was found that women had higher mean BMI, WHtR, BAI and arm circumference (p <0.001) and men of weight, height and WHR (p <0.001). Weight, calf and arm circumferences were lower in older age groups (p <0.001) and the same was true for BMI and height among men (p <0.05). The anthropometric indices with the strongest association, positive and statistically significant with HA were WHHtR in men and the BAI and BMI in women. For DM outcome, the index with the strongest association, positive and statistically significant was WHR in men and WCR in women. The hip circumference showed statistically significant inverse association with HA in men and DM in both sexes. Regarding the predictive ability, ABSI, BRI, BAI and WHHtR did not show better predictive ability than traditional anthropometric indices (BMI, WC, WHR, WHHtR) to discriminate diabetes mellitus and hypertension in both sexes, except WCR that was better than indices traditional to predict DM in women. Cutoff points of anthropometric measurements were identified by sex to discriminate HA and DM, but the sensitivity and specificity were low. Through factor analysis of principal components were identified two anthropometric patterns: global adiposity and central adiposity. After adjustment for confounders, Poisson regression with robust variance showed that the only association that remained significant was that between anthropometric measures of central adiposity and DM in women. Regarding the impairment of functional capacity, the analysis adjusted for confounding factors showed a positive and statistically significant association of the same with BMI (standardized coefficient: 0.211; p <0.001) and waist circumference (standardized coefficient: 0.163; p <0.001). This study showed that HA, DM and impaired functional capacity were associated with global and central adiposity in elderly and that BMI, waist circumference, WHR and WCR are most suitable for anthropometric assessment of the elderly.
Measurements and anthropometric indices of adiposity are simple and inexpensive useful tools to identify individuals at high risk of disability and morbidity, especially those related to cardiometabolic alterations. However, there are still gaps in knowledge and controversies of the anthropometric indicators more appropriate for the assessment of the elderly. The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive ability and the association of anthropometric indicators with diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension arterial (HA) and impaired functional capacity in the elderly. This cross-sectional study evaluated a representative sample of 621 elderly in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil selected by simple random sampling without replacement. The dependent variables were self-reported hypertension, diabetes mellitus and impaired functional capacity as latent variable obtained from basic and instrumental activities of daily living. They were taken the following anthropometric measurements: weight, height, waist, hip, arm and calf circumferences and the following anthropometric indices were calculated: a body shape index (ABSI), body roundness index (BRI), conicity index (CI) index body adiposity (BAI), body mass index (BMI), the waist-height ratio (WHtR), waist-calf ratio (WCR), waist-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-hip-height (WHHtR). The following covariates were obtained: age, sex, education, income elderly, physical exercise, smoking, alcohol intake and diet quality. Regarding the anthropometric characteristics, it was found that women had higher mean BMI, WHtR, BAI and arm circumference (p <0.001) and men of weight, height and WHR (p <0.001). Weight, calf and arm circumferences were lower in older age groups (p <0.001) and the same was true for BMI and height among men (p <0.05). The anthropometric indices with the strongest association, positive and statistically significant with HA were WHHtR in men and the BAI and BMI in women. For DM outcome, the index with the strongest association, positive and statistically significant was WHR in men and WCR in women. The hip circumference showed statistically significant inverse association with HA in men and DM in both sexes. Regarding the predictive ability, ABSI, BRI, BAI and WHHtR did not show better predictive ability than traditional anthropometric indices (BMI, WC, WHR, WHHtR) to discriminate diabetes mellitus and hypertension in both sexes, except WCR that was better than indices traditional to predict DM in women. Cutoff points of anthropometric measurements were identified by sex to discriminate HA and DM, but the sensitivity and specificity were low. Through factor analysis of principal components were identified two anthropometric patterns: global adiposity and central adiposity. After adjustment for confounders, Poisson regression with robust variance showed that the only association that remained significant was that between anthropometric measures of central adiposity and DM in women. Regarding the impairment of functional capacity, the analysis adjusted for confounding factors showed a positive and statistically significant association of the same with BMI (standardized coefficient: 0.211; p <0.001) and waist circumference (standardized coefficient: 0.163; p <0.001). This study showed that HA, DM and impaired functional capacity were associated with global and central adiposity in elderly and that BMI, waist circumference, WHR and WCR are most suitable for anthropometric assessment of the elderly.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Idosos - Nutrição, Idoso - Antropometria, Idosos - Composição corporal, Tecido adiposo, Diabetes, Hipertensão
Citação
REZENDE, Fabiane Aparecida Canaan. Capacidade preditiva e associação de indicadores antropométricos com diabetes mellitus, hipertensão arterial e comprometimento da capacidade funcional em idosos. 2016. 159 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência da Nutrição) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2016.