Avaliação do uso de xilanas extraídas de polpas de eucalipto em matriz de carboximetilcelulose
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
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A busca por matérias-primas provenientes de fontes renováveis tem sido fundamental para suprir o crescente interesse por materiais mais sustentáveis e biodegradáveis. Nesse contexto, as xilanas, principais hemiceluloses de madeiras folhosas e frequentemente tratadas como subprodutos nos processos de polpação de celulose branqueada de alta pureza, dispõe como uma alternativa promissora para uso como aditivos renováveis em matrizes poliméricas. Devido à suas propriedades, podem ser extraídas facilmente em meio alcalino, favorecendo sua aplicação em materiais de base polimérica. Assim, este estudo teve como principais objetivos a extração de xilanas a partir de três amostras de polpas de eucalipto, obtidas em diferentes etapas do processo kraft (polpação, deslignificação com oxigênio e branqueamento), e a avaliação de seu potencial como aditivo em matrizes poliméricas de carboximetilcelulose (CMC). As xilanas extraídas foram incorporadas à CMC nas concentrações de 2%, 6% e 10%, com o intuito de analisar os efeitos dessas proporções sobre as propriedades dos filmes formados, em comparação com o filme plastificado com glicerol. O filme de CMC puro, sem a adição de plastificante, foi utilizado como controle. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) e os efeitos médios dos tratamentos foram comparados pelo teste de Scott-Knott, a 5% de probabilidade. A extração alcalina das xilanas resultou em rendimentos de 3,26% para a polpa marrom, 4,12% para a polpa pré-deslignificada e 2,01% para a polpa branqueada, considerando a massa seca de cada polpa. A TGA das xilanas indicou degradação principal entre na faixa de 270–290°C, evidenciando que o grau de purificação influencia o perfil térmico do aditivo. O DRX revelou picos amplos entre 18°–22° (2?), típicos de estruturas amorfas, enquanto o FTIR mostrou bandas características das hemiceluloses em ~3454 cm?¹ (O–H), ~2933 cm?¹ (C–H), ~1253 cm?¹ (C=O), ~1555 cm?¹ (C=C) e ~900 cm?¹ (C–O). O tamanho de partícula das xilanas por EDL apresentou médias de 407,4?nm (M), 504,2?nm (P) e 514,6?nm (B), evidenciando distribuições heterogêneas influenciadas pelo grau de purificação e pelas etapas de extração e precipitação. Nos filmes, a opacidade aumentou de 13,9% (CMC) para 16,5% (M 10%), L* (luminosidade) reduziu de 94,3 (CMC) para 88,4(M 10%), C* (saturação) subiu de 2,1 (CMC) para 11,8 (M10%) e os filmes apresentaram h°(tonalidade) amarelados/marrons. A espessura variou entre 58–71 µm; densidade entre 1,0–1,32 g/cm³ (CMC: 1,39) e gramatura de 76–89 g/m² (CMC: 101,14). A tração variou de 22,8 MPa (P 10%) a 36,6 MPa (CMC); força máxima de 56,1 N (CMC) para 46,4 N (P 6%); alongamento de 2,9% (CMC) a 4,0% (GL 10%). O intumescimento caiu de 9,27% (CMC) para 1,74% (P 10%) e a solubilidade subiu de 1,14% (CMC) para 6,45% (B 10%). A PVA (permeabilidade ao vapor d’água) variou entre 92,5 e 318 g·mm/m²·dia. Por fim, a TGA (termogravimetria) dos filmes mostrou maior estabilidade com xilana marrom, enquanto os plastificados degradaram em menores temperaturas. O DRX (difração de Raios X) indicou semicristalinidade em 2? ˜ 21–22°, mais intenso nas amostras com xilanas. O FTIR (espectroscopia de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier) dos filmes revelou interações estruturais, com variações em ~3400 cm?¹ (O–H), ~1600 cm?¹ (C=O) e ~1150 cm?¹ (C–O–C), indicando novas ligações e reorganização da matriz. Portanto, as xilanas demonstraram potencial para a obtenção de filmes poliméricos mais flexíveis. Assim, este estudo contribui para o desenvolvimento de embalagens biodegradáveis com propriedades ajustáveis, reforçando a viabilidade do aproveitamento de coprodutos da indústria de celulose em aplicações sustentáveis. Palavras-chave: Biorrefinaria; polímeros; economia circular; sustentabilidade; hemiceluloses.
The search for raw materials from renewable sources has been fundamental to meeting the growing interest in more sustainable and biodegradable materials. In this context, xylans, the main hemicelluloses in hardwoods and often treated as by- products in high-purity bleached cellulose pulping processes, represent a promising alternative for use as renewable additives in polymeric matrices. Due to their properties, they can be easily extracted under alkaline conditions, favoring their application in polymer-based materials. Thus, this study aimed to extract xylans from three eucalyptus pulp samples obtained at different stages of the kraft process (pulping, oxygen delignification, and bleaching), and to evaluate their potential as additives in carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) polymer matrices. The extracted xylans were incorporated into CMC at concentrations of 2%, 6%, and 10%, in order to analyze the effects of these proportions on the properties of the films formed, compared to the film plasticized with glycerol. The pure CMC film, without the addition of plasticizer, was used as a control. The results were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and mean treatment effects were compared using the Scott–Knott test at a 5% probability level. Alkaline extraction of xylans resulted in yields of 3.26% for brown pulp, 4.12% for oxygen-delignified pulp, and 2.01% for bleached pulp, based on the dry mass of each pulp. TGA of the xylans indicated a main degradation range between 270–290 °C, showing that the degree of purification influences the thermal profile of the additive. XRD revealed broad peaks between 18°–22° (2?), typical of amorphous structures, while FTIR showed characteristic hemicellulose bands at ~3454 cm?¹ (O–H), ~2933 cm?¹ (C–H), ~1253 cm?¹ (C=O), ~1555 cm?¹ (C=C), and ~900 cm?¹ (C–O). Xylan particle size measured by EDL presented averages of 407.4 nm (M), 504.2 nm (P), and 514.6 nm (B), evidencing heterogeneous distributions influenced by the degree of purification and by the extraction and precipitation steps. In the films, opacity increased from 13.9% (CMC) to 16.5% (M 10%); L* (lightness) decreased from 94.3 (CMC) to 88.4 (M 10%); C* (chroma) increased from 2.1 (CMC) to 11.8 (M 10%); and the films presented yellowish/brownish hues (h°). Thickness ranged from 58–71 µm; density from 1.0–1.32 g/cm³ (CMC: 1.39); and grammage from 76–89 g/m² (CMC: 101.14). Tensile strength ranged from 22.8 MPa (P 10%) to 36.6 MPa (CMC); maximum force from 56.1 N (CMC) to 46.4 N (P 6%); elongation from 2.9% (CMC) to 4.0% (GL 10%). Swelling decreased from 9.27% (CMC) to 1.74% (P 10%), and solubility increased from 1.14% (CMC) to 6.45% (B 10%). Water vapor permeability (WVP) ranged from 92.5 to 318 g·mm/m²·day. Finally, TGA of the films showed greater stability with brown-pulp xylan, while plasticized films degraded at lower temperatures. XRD (X-ray diffraction) indicated semicrystallinity at approximately 21–22° (2?), more intense in the samples containing xylans. FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) of the films revealed structural interactions, with variations at ~3400 cm?¹ (O–H), ~1600 cm?¹ (C=O), and ~1150 cm?¹ (C–O–C), indicating new bonds and matrix reorganization. Therefore, xylans demonstrated potential for obtaining more flexible polymeric films. Thus, this study contributes to the development of biodegradable packaging with adjustable properties, reinforcing the feasibility of using co-products from the cellulose industry in sustainable applications. Keywords: biorefinery; polymers; circular economy; sustainability; hemicelluloses.
The search for raw materials from renewable sources has been fundamental to meeting the growing interest in more sustainable and biodegradable materials. In this context, xylans, the main hemicelluloses in hardwoods and often treated as by- products in high-purity bleached cellulose pulping processes, represent a promising alternative for use as renewable additives in polymeric matrices. Due to their properties, they can be easily extracted under alkaline conditions, favoring their application in polymer-based materials. Thus, this study aimed to extract xylans from three eucalyptus pulp samples obtained at different stages of the kraft process (pulping, oxygen delignification, and bleaching), and to evaluate their potential as additives in carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) polymer matrices. The extracted xylans were incorporated into CMC at concentrations of 2%, 6%, and 10%, in order to analyze the effects of these proportions on the properties of the films formed, compared to the film plasticized with glycerol. The pure CMC film, without the addition of plasticizer, was used as a control. The results were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and mean treatment effects were compared using the Scott–Knott test at a 5% probability level. Alkaline extraction of xylans resulted in yields of 3.26% for brown pulp, 4.12% for oxygen-delignified pulp, and 2.01% for bleached pulp, based on the dry mass of each pulp. TGA of the xylans indicated a main degradation range between 270–290 °C, showing that the degree of purification influences the thermal profile of the additive. XRD revealed broad peaks between 18°–22° (2?), typical of amorphous structures, while FTIR showed characteristic hemicellulose bands at ~3454 cm?¹ (O–H), ~2933 cm?¹ (C–H), ~1253 cm?¹ (C=O), ~1555 cm?¹ (C=C), and ~900 cm?¹ (C–O). Xylan particle size measured by EDL presented averages of 407.4 nm (M), 504.2 nm (P), and 514.6 nm (B), evidencing heterogeneous distributions influenced by the degree of purification and by the extraction and precipitation steps. In the films, opacity increased from 13.9% (CMC) to 16.5% (M 10%); L* (lightness) decreased from 94.3 (CMC) to 88.4 (M 10%); C* (chroma) increased from 2.1 (CMC) to 11.8 (M 10%); and the films presented yellowish/brownish hues (h°). Thickness ranged from 58–71 µm; density from 1.0–1.32 g/cm³ (CMC: 1.39); and grammage from 76–89 g/m² (CMC: 101.14). Tensile strength ranged from 22.8 MPa (P 10%) to 36.6 MPa (CMC); maximum force from 56.1 N (CMC) to 46.4 N (P 6%); elongation from 2.9% (CMC) to 4.0% (GL 10%). Swelling decreased from 9.27% (CMC) to 1.74% (P 10%), and solubility increased from 1.14% (CMC) to 6.45% (B 10%). Water vapor permeability (WVP) ranged from 92.5 to 318 g·mm/m²·day. Finally, TGA of the films showed greater stability with brown-pulp xylan, while plasticized films degraded at lower temperatures. XRD (X-ray diffraction) indicated semicrystallinity at approximately 21–22° (2?), more intense in the samples containing xylans. FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) of the films revealed structural interactions, with variations at ~3400 cm?¹ (O–H), ~1600 cm?¹ (C=O), and ~1150 cm?¹ (C–O–C), indicating new bonds and matrix reorganization. Therefore, xylans demonstrated potential for obtaining more flexible polymeric films. Thus, this study contributes to the development of biodegradable packaging with adjustable properties, reinforcing the feasibility of using co-products from the cellulose industry in sustainable applications. Keywords: biorefinery; polymers; circular economy; sustainability; hemicelluloses.
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MARANGON, Letícia Said. Avaliação do uso de xilanas extraídas de polpas de eucalipto em matriz de carboximetilcelulose. 2025. 91 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Química) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2025.
