Análise citogenética comparativa de mosquitos dos gêneros Toxorhynchites e Lutzia (Diptera: culicidae)
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Universidade Federal de Viçosa
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Os dípteros da família Culicidae são amplamente reconhecidos por sua importância epidemiológica, pois atuam como vetores de doenças de grande impacto global, como dengue, malária, febre amarela e encefalite. Entretanto, Toxorhynchites e Lutzia destoam desse cenário por não apresentarem relevância epidemiológica e por possuírem larvas predadoras de outros invertebrados aquáticos, incluindo larvas de mosquitos vetores. A maioria dos estudos com Culicidae concentra-se nas espécies vetoras, lacuna ainda mais evidente na citogenética, onde apenas cerca de 300 das 3.700 espécies de Culicidae descritas já foram analisadas. Neste estudo, realizamos uma análise citogenética comparativa em três espécies de Culicidae não vetoras com o objetivo de aprofundar o conhecimento sobre sua organização cariotípica e seus padrões evolutivos. Larvas de Toxorhynchites theobaldi, Toxorhynchites violaceus e Lutzia bigoti foram coletadas em Viçosa/MG e metáfases foram obtidas a partir de gânglios cerebrais tratados com colchicina. A heterocromatina constitutiva foi evidenciada pela técnica de Bandeamento C. Enquanto regiões ricas em pares AT e CG foram identificadas pelas colorações com 4’,6-diamidino-2-fenilindol (DAPI) e Cromomicina A3 (CMA3). A hibridização fluorescente in situ (FISH) permitiu analisar os padrões de distribuição do microssatélite (GA)₁₅, e a localização dos genes ribossomais em T. theobaldi. Nas três espécies, o número cromossômico foi 2n = 6, sendo todos os cromossomos metacêntricos, padrão comum de Culicidae. No entanto, Lutzia apresentou três pares cromossômicos de tamanhos crescentes, contrastando com Toxorhynchites, que possui um par menor e dois maiores de tamanho similar. A heterocromatina constitutiva restringiu-se à região centromérica, nas três espécies. Sítios ricos em bases GC foram observados no primeiro par metacêntrico em T. theobaldi e L. bigoti e no segundo par metacêntrico em T. violaceus. Em T. theobaldi, o sítio 18S rDNA de genes ribossomais foi colocalizado com as regiões ricas em GC, composição comum em eucariotos. O microssatélite (GA)n revelou um padrão difuso em toda a eucromatina de L. bigoti e mais restrito a regiões terminais eucromáticas no gênero Toxorhynchites, possivelmente relacionado à dispersão dessa sequência em múltiplos loci, sugerindo vínculo com elementos móveis. A análise citogenética comparativa das três espécies não vetoras de Culicidae mostrou que algumas características foram compartilhadas, enquanto outras diferiram, evidenciando diversificação cariotípica dentro de Toxorhynchites e Lutzia. Palavras chave: Cariótipo; Culicidae; citogenética molecular.
Dipterans of the family Culicidae are widely recognized for their epidemiological importance, as they act as vectors of diseases with major global impact, such as dengue, malaria, yellow fever, and encephalitis. However, Toxorhynchites and Lutzia stand out from this context because they lack epidemiological relevance and possess predatory larvae that feed on other aquatic invertebrates, including larvae of vector mosquitoes. Most studies on Culicidae focus on vector species, a gap that is even more evident in cytogenetic research, where only about 300 of the 3,700 described Culicidae species have been analyzed to date. In this study, we performed a comparative cytogenetic analysis of three non-vector Culicidae species to deepen the understanding of their karyotypic organization and evolutionary patterns. Larvae of Toxorhynchites theobaldi, Toxorhynchites violaceus, and Lutzia bigoti were collected in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil, and metaphases were obtained from colchicine-treated brain ganglia. Constitutive heterochromatin was detected using the C-banding technique, while AT and GC rich regions were identified through 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and Chromomycin A3 (CMA3) staining. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to analyze the distribution patterns of the microsatellite (GA)₁₅ and to determine the location of ribosomal genes in T. theobaldi. All three species showed a diploid number of 2n = 6, with exclusively metacentric chromosomes, a pattern commonly observed in Culicidae. However, Lutzia exhibited three chromosomal pairs of progressively increasing size, contrasting with Toxorhynchites, which presented one smaller pair and two larger pairs of similar size. Constitutive heterochromatin was restricted to centromeric regions in all species. GC rich sites were observed in the first metacentric pair of T. theobaldi and L. bigoti, and in the second metacentric pair of T. violaceus. In T. theobaldi, the 18S rDNA site of ribosomal genes colocalized with GC rich regions, a composition commonly found in eukaryotes. The (GA) n microsatellite revealed a diffuse pattern throughout the euchromatin in L. bigoti and a more terminally restricted distribution in Toxorhynchites, possibly related to the dispersion of this sequence across multiple loci, suggesting an association with mobile elements. The comparative cytogenetic analysis of the three non-vector Culicidae species revealed both shared and divergent characteristics, highlighting karyotypic diversification within Toxorhynchites and Lutzia. Keywords: Karyotype; Culicidae; molecular cytogenetics.
Dipterans of the family Culicidae are widely recognized for their epidemiological importance, as they act as vectors of diseases with major global impact, such as dengue, malaria, yellow fever, and encephalitis. However, Toxorhynchites and Lutzia stand out from this context because they lack epidemiological relevance and possess predatory larvae that feed on other aquatic invertebrates, including larvae of vector mosquitoes. Most studies on Culicidae focus on vector species, a gap that is even more evident in cytogenetic research, where only about 300 of the 3,700 described Culicidae species have been analyzed to date. In this study, we performed a comparative cytogenetic analysis of three non-vector Culicidae species to deepen the understanding of their karyotypic organization and evolutionary patterns. Larvae of Toxorhynchites theobaldi, Toxorhynchites violaceus, and Lutzia bigoti were collected in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil, and metaphases were obtained from colchicine-treated brain ganglia. Constitutive heterochromatin was detected using the C-banding technique, while AT and GC rich regions were identified through 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and Chromomycin A3 (CMA3) staining. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to analyze the distribution patterns of the microsatellite (GA)₁₅ and to determine the location of ribosomal genes in T. theobaldi. All three species showed a diploid number of 2n = 6, with exclusively metacentric chromosomes, a pattern commonly observed in Culicidae. However, Lutzia exhibited three chromosomal pairs of progressively increasing size, contrasting with Toxorhynchites, which presented one smaller pair and two larger pairs of similar size. Constitutive heterochromatin was restricted to centromeric regions in all species. GC rich sites were observed in the first metacentric pair of T. theobaldi and L. bigoti, and in the second metacentric pair of T. violaceus. In T. theobaldi, the 18S rDNA site of ribosomal genes colocalized with GC rich regions, a composition commonly found in eukaryotes. The (GA) n microsatellite revealed a diffuse pattern throughout the euchromatin in L. bigoti and a more terminally restricted distribution in Toxorhynchites, possibly related to the dispersion of this sequence across multiple loci, suggesting an association with mobile elements. The comparative cytogenetic analysis of the three non-vector Culicidae species revealed both shared and divergent characteristics, highlighting karyotypic diversification within Toxorhynchites and Lutzia. Keywords: Karyotype; Culicidae; molecular cytogenetics.
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LOPES, Ana Luiza Guido. Análise citogenética comparativa de mosquitos dos gêneros Toxorhynchites e Lutzia (Diptera: culicidae). 2025. 27 f. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Graduação) - Ciências Biológicas – Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. 2025.
