Ruellia subsessilis (Nees) Lindau (Acanthaceae): a species with a sexual reproductive system that responds to different water availability levels

Abstract

In Ruellia subsessilis the typical cleistogamy (cleistogamous and chasmogamous morphs), which is common in species of this genus, was not observed. Flowering and fruiting of this species are continuous and the selfing flowers are polymorphic. Objective of present study was to analyze the mechanisms of self-pollination in R. subsessilis. In addition, we studied its reproductive phenology, floral biology, breeding system, seed germination and how its sexual reproductive system responds to different water availability levels. The study was conducted with plants of a natural population and others in a greenhouse, under different water availability levels, in southeastern Brazil. The distribution of the reproductive phenophases was seasonal and concentrated in the rainy season. Production of distinct floral morphs could be observed. These different morphs are named ‘reduced chasmogamous morphs’ (RC), in the dry season, and ‘normal chasmogamous morphs’ (NC), which latter develop in the rainy season. The morph production of the cultivated plants was likewise influenced by water availability: RC developed under drought stress and NC in moist soil. Significant differences between morphs were observed in size parameters of the corolla, androecium and gynoecium, and concerning the number of ovules and pollen grains. In both morphs, selfing occurred late (delayed self-pollination), and pre-anthesis cleistogamy (early self-pollination) occurred sporadically in RC. The seeds resulting from self-pollination were more vigorous and germinated faster than those from cross-pollination.