Use of iron and bio-oil wastes to produce highly dispersed Fe/C composites for the photo-Fenton reaction

Abstract

This work describes the synthesis, characterization, and application of an active heterogeneous photo-Fenton system obtained from two different wastes, i.e., laterite (an iron mining waste) and the acid aqueous fraction (AAF) from bio-oil production. AAF with high acidity (ca. 3 molH+ L−1) and organic concentration (25 wt.%) obtained from biomass flash pyrolysis was used for the efficient extraction of Fe3+ from laterite waste. After extraction, the mixture Fe3+/AAF was dried and treated at different temperatures, i.e., 500, 650, and 800 °C, to obtain Fe/C reactive composites. Mössbauer, XRD, TG, elemental analyses, and SEM/EDS showed the presence of highly disperse Fe oxide nanoparticles at 500 and 650 °C and Fe0 particles in the material obtained at 800 °C with carbon contents varying from 74 to 80 %. The three composites were tested as heterogeneous catalysts in the photo-Fenton reaction for the oxidation of the model dye contaminant methylene blue, showing high activities at neutral pH.