Fitopatologia - Artigos
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Item Etiology of bacterial leaf blight of eucalyptus in Brazil(Tropical Plant Pathology, 2008-05) Oliveira, José R.; Maffia, Luiz A.; Cascardo, Júlio C. M.; Alfenas, Acelino C.; Gonçalves, Rivadalve C.; Lau, DouglasBacterial leaf blight of eucalyptus is initially characterized by water soaked, angular, amphigenous and interveinal lesions, concentrated along the main vein, at the edges or scattered on the leaf blade. As the disease progresses, the lesions become brown to pale, and when young leaves are infected leaf cut areas at the edges or perforations at the center of the lesions may appear due to abortion of the necrotic area. Eventually, necrosis may be found on petiole and twigs. Leaf fall commonly occurs on highly susceptible genotypes due to the early senescence of diseased leaves. Precise diagnosis is accomplished by bacterial exudation from leaf sections placed in a water drop under light microscope (200 x). Twenty-five bacterial isolates from Amapá (2), Bahia (4), Minas Gerais (2), São Paulo (9), Pará (3), Mato Grosso do Sul (1), and Rio Grande do Sul (4) States, which induced hypersensitive reaction (HR) in non-host plants and were pathogenic to eucalyptus, when inoculated by inoculum injection, were identified by biochemical assays, using carbon sources (MicroLogTM BIOLOG) and sequence analysis (16S rDNA). Ten isolates were identified as Xanthomonas axonopodis, four as X. campestris, four as Pseudomonas syringae, two as P. putida, two as P. cichorii, one as Erwinia sp., and two were similar to bacterial genera of Rhizobiaceae. When spray inoculated on intact plants of eucalyptus, only X. axonopodis, P. cichorii and isolates of the Rhizobiaceae family induced typical symptoms of the disease and were considered pathogenic. In Brazil, X. axonopodis seems to be the most widespread species causing the bacterial leaf blight of Eucalyptus spp.Item Variáveis climáticas associadas à incidência de mofo-cinzento em eucalipto(Fitopatologia Brasileira, 2006-03) Mafia, Reginaldo G.; Alfenas, Acelino C.; Ferreira, Eraclides M.; Leite, Fernando Palha; Souza, Flávio Luiz deCom base em dados de infecção natural avaliou-se a incidência do mofo-cinzento, causado por Botrytis cinerea, em 14 clones de Eucalyptus spp. em relação às condições climáticas predominantes em um viveiro clonal localizado em Belo Oriente, Minas Gerais. A temperatura máxima, mínima e média, precipitação pluviométrica e umidade relativa do ar foram coletadas entre 1991 e 2004. A incidência da doença foi avaliada mensalmente em 2004 em todas as fases de produção de mudas clonais de eucalipto. A presença do patógeno foi avaliada na água coletada do efluente de fertirrigação. A incidência do mofo-cinzento correlacionou-se melhor e negativamente com a temperatura máxima. Os resultados indicaram que a temperatura máxima é a variável a ser monitorada para fins de previsão da doença, a qual apresenta alto risco de incidência quando a temperatura máxima registrada for inferior a 27 ºC. Dentre os 14 clones propagados em 2004, o clone 957 (híbrido de Eucalyptus urophylla) apresentou menor incidência da doença, sob condições de infecção natural. Observou-se que o fungo encontra-se comumente associado a mudas de eucalipto e que o desenvolvimento da epidemia é regulado por temperaturas amenas, uma vez que, condições de alta umidade relativa e presença de água livre no hospedeiro ocorrem constantemente, em virtude das freqüentes irrigações requeridas para produção de mudas. Constatou-se que a água reutilizada, coletada no efluente de irrigação, contém inóculo do patógeno.Item Etiologia do oídio do eucalipto(Fitopatologia Brasileira, 2001-06) Silva, Maria D. D.; Alfenas, Acelino C.; Maffia, Luiz A.; Zauza, Edival A. V.Compararam-se isolados de Oidium sp. obtidos de mudas de eucalipto (Eucalyptus spp.) com isolados de Erysiphe cichoracearum, originário de dália, e Sphaerotheca pannosa de roseira (Rosa sp.), por meio de características morfológicas. Com base nas características morfológicas (fase anamórfica) do tubo germinativo, do micélio, do apressório, de conidióforos e conídios e na presença de corpos de fibrosina, concluiu-se que o isolado de Oidium, obtido de eucalipto é similar ao de roseira, descrito como S. pannosa. Inoculações dos isolados do fungo originários de todos os hospedeiros estudados, indicaram que S. pannosa, obtido de roseira, e E. cichoracearum, de dália (Dahlia sp.), foram patogênicos a mudas de Eucalyptus pellita, uma das espécies mais suscetíveis a esta doença, em condições de casa de vegetação.Item Positioning of the major locus for Puccinia psidii rust resistance (Ppr1) on the Eucalyptus reference map and its validation across unrelated pedigrees(Tree Genetics & Genomes, 2010-06-12) Guimarães, Lucio M. S.; Mamani, Eva M. C.; Bueno, Nathalia W.; Faria, Danielle A.; Lau, Douglas; Alfenas, Acelino C.; Grattapaglia, DarioIn this report the major locus for Puccinia psidii rust resistance, Ppr1, was positioned on the reference genetic map for Eucalyptus. Additionally, its position was validated by association genetics in a related and two unrelated pedigrees involving different Eucalyptus grandis resistant trees crossed to individuals of two other species, Eucalyptus tereticornis and Eucalyptus camaldulensis. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that Ppr1 controls a large proportion of the variation for rust resistance, strengthening its role as a major locus in Eucalyptus and providing its unequivocal genomic position on linkage group 3. A localized map with 19 microsatellite loci was built around Ppr1. Multiallelic profiles were observed at several mapped microsatellites suggesting recent tandem duplications in the genomic landscape surrounding Ppr1. Markers EMBRA125 and EMBRA1071 flank Ppr1 at 9.5% and 7% recombination, respectively, and were found to be in linkage equilibrium in a E. grandis breeding population, consistent with the expectations in outcrossed Eucalyptus. Their potential use for MAS will specifically be directed to identifying resistant offspring of P. psidii resistant parent trees that are heterozygous at Ppr1. In these circumstances, a significant amount of LD is expected to occur between specific alleles at flanking microsatellites and the resistance allele at Ppr1. Moreover, the positional information of Ppr1 paves the way for prospective undertakings in this genomic region with the upcoming availability of a draft genome for E. grandis.Item Genetic diversity and interfertility among highly differentiated populations of Ceratocystis fimbriata in Brazil(Plant Pathology, 2010-07-01) Ferreira, E. M.; Harrington, T. C.; Thorpe, D. J.; Alfenas, A. C.Mating studies showed that isolates of the insect-associated wilt pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata from Eucalyptus spp., mango, fig, inhame (Colocasia esculenta), Gmelina arborea and sweet potato were interfertile, and progeny from those crosses showed normal segregation for microsatellite markers. Genetic diversity was compared among 13 populations of C. fimbriata collected from six states in Brazil using 15 highly polymorphic microsatellite markers. The gene diversity values of most eucalyptus and mango populations from Minas Gerais, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo states were similar to putatively native populations of Ceratocystis platani and C. cacaofunesta, two other species in the C. fimbriata complex that are homothallic. Index of association values indicated substantial asexual reproduction or selfing in populations on mango and eucalyptus. Most of these eucalyptus and mango populations were not highly differentiated from each other, and these populations and genotypes appeared to be more closely related to each other than to other populations by UPGMA analyses. By contrast, the G. arborea population from Pará and the fig and inhame populations from São Paulo had relatively low lev- els of diversity and were highly differentiated from each other and all other studied populations, suggesting that they were from different origins and had gone through genetic bottlenecks. One of the eucalyptus populations in Bahia consisted of a single genotype and may have been introduced to the site in infected cuttings from another Bahia location. Similarly, a mango population from Mato Grosso do Sul consisted of a single genotype, which was identical to one of the genotypes found on mango in São Paulo. Aside from introductions by humans, mating studies and genetic analyses suggest that limited dispersal distance and a high degree of selfing or asexual reproduction lead to local populations of C. fimbriata that have limited diversity but are highly differentiated from other populations.Item Effectiveness of systemic fungicides in the control of Quambalaria eucalypti and their effects on production of eucalypt mini-cuttings for rooting(Crop Protection, 2008-02) Ferreira, E. M.; Alfenas, A. C.; Maffia, L. A.; Mafia, R. G.; Mounteer, A. H.Eucalypt leaf spot caused by Quambalaria eucalypti is currently one of the main diseases occurring in mini-clonal hedges cultivated in sand beds with drip fert-irrigation or hydroponic tanks. Given the lack of studies on the effectiveness of fungicides for control of this pathogen, the protective, curative and antisporulating effects of systemic fungicides and their influence on production and rooting of eucalypt mini-cuttings were evaluated. Among the nine active ingredients tested, azoxystrobin, epoxiconazole, epoxiconazole+pyraclostrobin, pyraclostrobin and tebuconazole were the most effective against Q. eucalypti. Epoxiconazole, epoxiconazole+pyraclostrobin and tebuconazole presented protective, curative and antisporulating effects against the pathogen. In mini-clonal hedges, only epoxiconazole+pyraclostrobin negatively affected the production of mini-cuttings.Item Cloning and characterization of gene-resistant analogs (RGAs) involved in rust (Puccinia psidii) resistance in Eucalyptus grandis(Journal of Forestry Research, 2015-09) Alfenas, Acelino Couto; Laia, Marcelo Luiz; Brommonschenkel, Sergio Hermínio; Oda, Shinitiro; Melo, Eduardo José de; Silva, Inaê Mariê de Araújo; Gonçalves, Janaína Fernandes; Marques, AriadneDisease-resistant genes play an important role in defending against a variety of pathogens and insect pests in plants. Most of the disease-resistant genes encode proteins with conserved leucine rich repeat and nucleotide binding site domains. In this study, we cloned and characterized gene-resistant analogs (RGAs) from Eucalyptus grandis using degenerate PCR, with primers specifically targeting these two domains. The amplified fragments were cloned into the pGEM-T vector and transformed into Escherichia coli. Among the 90 clones obtained, 13 were sequenced and compared with each other and with previously identified gene-resistant diseases. A BLASTX search in GenBank revealed high similarities among the conserved domains of these cloned genes with RGA genes. Some clones, however, showed no significant similarity with DNA sequences in GenBank. Southern blotting analysis identified several polymorphic RFLP loci between distinct genotypes. However, none of them co-segregated with the Puccinia psidii Winter resistance gene 1 (Ppr1) in a population study.Item Resistance to rust (Puccinia psidii Winter) in Eucalyptus: mode of inheritance and mapping of a major gene with RAPD markers(Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2003-09-19) Junghans, D. T.; Alfenas, A. C.; Brommonschenkel, S. H.; Oda, S.; Mello, E. J.; Grattapaglia, D.Rust is one of the most-damaging eucalypt diseases in Brazil and is considered a potential threat to eucalypt plantations worldwide. To determine the mode of inheritance of resistance in the Eucalyptus grandis—Puccinia psidii pathosystem, ten full-sib families, generated from crosses between susceptible and resistant trees, were inoculated with a single-pustule isolate of the pathogen and rust severity was scored. The observed segregation ratios in segregating families suggested major gene control of rust resistance, although clearly incomplete penetrance, variable expressivity and minor genes are also involved in the global rust-resistance response. To identify markers linked to the resistance locus, screening of RAPD polymorphisms was conducted using bulked segregant analysis in a large full-sib family. A linkage group was built around the Ppr1 gene (P. psidii resistance gene 1) encompassing six RAPD markers, with a genetic window spanning 5 cM with the two most-closely linked flanking markers. Besides these two flanking markers, RAPD marker AT9/917 co-segregated with Ppr1 without a single recombinant in 994 meioses. This tightly linked marker should prove useful for marker-assisted introgression and will provide an initial lead for a positional cloning effort of this resistance allele. This is the first report of a disease resistance gene identified in Eucalyptus, and one of the few examples of the involvement of a major gene in a non-coevolved pathosystem.Item Método de seleção e identificação de fontes de resistência à murcha do eucalipto causada por Ceratocystis fimbriata(Revista Árvore, 2011-04-20) Alfenas, Acelino Couto; Mafia, Reginaldo Gonçalves; Ferreira, Eraclides Maria; Binoti, Daniel Henrique BredaEste trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver um método de seleção e identificar fontes de resistência à murcha do eucalipto causada por Ceratocystis fimbriata. A inoculação de 5 ml de inóculo (2,5 x 10^4 esporos/ml) do patógeno em um ferimento no coleto de mudas com 60 dias de idade foi o método mais eficiente na reprodução dos sintomas da doença. Para este método, a severidade da doença e a mortalidade de plantas em função do tempo após a inoculação foram avaliadas. Um período de 30 dias após a inoculação foi suficiente para reproduzir os sintomas da doença. O protocolo de inoculação desenvolvido apresentou alto rendimento (400 plantas/ h) e menor consumo de espaço, quando comparado com outros métodos, principalmente pelo fato de possibilitar a inoculação de mudas jovens de eucalipto, entre 60 e 90 dias. Na segunda etapa do trabalho, a resistência interespecífica do eucalipto a C. fimbriata foi avaliada usando as espécies Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E. dunnii, E. grandis, E. pellita, E. saligna, E. tereticornis e E. urophylla. Houve segregação da resistência para todas as espécies e de acordo com o local de origem da população. Para E. urophylla, por exemplo, ocorreram as maiores variações entre o número de indivíduos resistentes e suscetíveis à doença. Essas variações podem estar ligadas com a procedência das sementes e com as características do programa de melhoramento genético.Item Root colonization and interaction among growth promoting rhizobacteria isolates and eucalypts species(Revista Árvore, 2009-01-26) Alfenas, Acelino Couto; Mafia, Reginaldo Gonçalves; Ferreira, Eraclides Maria; Binoti, Daniel Henrique Breda; Mafia, Gizella Machado Ventura; Mounteer, Ann HonorThis work aimed to evaluate root colonization and interaction among isolates of rhizobacteria and eucalypt species. The method used to evaluate "in vitro" root colonization was able to indicate if the effect was benefic or deleterious allowing to pre-select isolates as potential growth promoter. There was interaction among isolates of rhizobacteria and Eucalyptus species for seed germinating and seedling growth. MF2 (Pseudomonas sp.) was the best rhizobacteria isolate for growth promotion of E. cloeziana e E. grandis. S1 (Bacillus subtilis) was the most effective for E. globulus, and Ca (Pseudomonas fulva), MF2 (Pseudomonas sp.), CIIb (Stenotrophomonas maltophilia) and S2 (B. subtilis) were the most promising isolates for the E. urophylla.