Ciências Agrárias
URI permanente desta comunidadehttps://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/2
Navegar
2 resultados
Resultados da Pesquisa
Item Interactions between deforestation and atmospheric composition on the climate of Amazônia and Cerrado and their consequences to agriculture(Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2021-07-22) Abrahão, Gabriel Medeiros; Costa, Marcos Heil; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0221983204772434razilian crop production has managed to grow expressively in the last 15 years with relatively little conversion of natural vegetation. Deforestation in the major Brazilian biomes however is still far from zero, and rates have been going up with the recent dismantling of public environmental governance (EG). Deforestation leads to changes in regional climate, which along with global climate change affects crop yields, often negatively. EG can benefit production by minimizing these effects. This thesis investigates how interactions between deforestation-induced and global climate change can affect Brazilian double cropping systems. These systems in Brazil play an important role on global grain production. Although modelling studies have suggested that they can be severely affected by global climate change, there’s little empirical understanding of their sensitivity to climate. Chapter 1 examines how past climate variability affected municipality-level statistics of soybeans and second crop maize yields and double cropping adoption, and evaluate the impacts of projected global changes in climate. Double cropping in parts of Brazil with strong precipitation seasonality is more likely to occur when the rainy season is larger than 200 days, with no DC in municipality-years below 150 days. CMIP6 models project years with the rainy season shorter than 200 days to be more likely by 2035-2050 under the SSP2-4.5 scenario in key double cropping regions in central Brazil. Soybean yields are projected to decline by ~12%, a result that is not substantially affected by yield model specification. Second crop maize yields are found to be less sensitive to changes in climate than soybeans, with no significant impacts on the country average. However, models that explicitly account for vapor pressure deficit project substantial (>10%) impacts on second crop maize yields in regions with projected rainy season shortening. Chapter 2 uses a fully coupled climate system model and the empirical yield models from Chapter 1 to evaluate how different plausible EG futures can affect the Brazilian production of soybeans and 2nd crop maize. We perform simulations combining two land use scenarios representing different levels of EG and two global climate change scenarios (RCPs 2.6 and 8.5). We find that soybean yields are negatively affected in all scenarios, but differences in EG can impact yields as much as differences in atmospheric composition (RCPs). Stronger environmental governance can prevent soybean production losses equivalent to 442-527 million USD year -1 in the Amazon and 670-1347 million USD year -1 in the Cerrado by 2050, up to 10% of projected production. Collectively, Brazilian soybean farmers have much to gain with better environmental governance and it would be in their interest to enforce and even extend private zero-deforestation agreements in the Amazon and Cerrado biomes. Keywords: Double cropping. Statistical crop model. Climate change. Brazil. Deforestation. Biogeophysical climate change. Land use and land cover change. Earth system modelsItem Soybean expansion in Brazil: A quantitative assessment of past technological and environmental changes and implications for future climate change(Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2016-07-26) Abrahão, Gabriel Medeiros; Costa, Marcos Heil; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0221983204772434Brazil is today the world's second largest soybean producer, and the crop is cultivated throughout the country. However, this was not always the case. The most productive soybean regions of today were deemed unsuitable for soybean planting until the 1970's, and the crop was limited to southern Brazil. The new regions were incorporated into production only after significant technological developments on soybean breeding and management practices. The expansion of soybeans into those areas represented a major change in the climate experienced by the plants, and provides important lessons on adaptation to future climate change. This work aims to overcome limitations of data on yields, area and planting dates in order to perform a large-scale quantitative assessment of the changes in climate, photoperiod and technology experienced by soybeans during the expansion, and compare them with future climate expectations. A spatially explicit dataset on soybean harvested area and yields is developed. The photoperiod limitations to the planting date of each year's varieties are estimated using the northernmost latitude where soybeans were planted. This information is combined with spatial rainy season onset and end to obtain spatial and temporal estimates of the planting window for the period 1974- 2012. The estimates compare well with planting dates recommended by the literature. With the development of photoperiod-insensitive varieties, planting windows went from being limited by the photoperiod on most of soybean-producing Brazil in 1974 to be limited by the rainy season in 1984. This development also had the effect of flexibilizing planting dates, making feasible the double cropping systems common today in central Brazil. Soybeans moved to much wetter regions, as total change in average excess precipitation (P-ETC) found was 2.33 mm day -1 on the historical period (1974-2012). Average temperatures rose at a rate of 0.49 °C decade -1 during the expansion, 0.29 °C decade -1 being due to local trends, faster than the expected rate for 2013-2050 (0.35 °C decade -1 ). The highest yields were also achieved in the warmer regions. Funding and coordinating agricultural R&D towards unified goals is likely to be an efficient strategy to adapt Brazilian agricultural systems to climate change, and may bring many beneficial side effects.