Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas
URI permanente desta comunidadehttps://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/4
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Item Liquid-liquid extraction of carotenoids from palm oil (Elaeis guineensis)(Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2023-02-23) Adamu, Muhammad Alhaji; Coimbra, Jane Sélia dos Reis; http://lattes.cnpq.br/6493960433835694Palm oil is one of the major fats and oils produced in worldwide. It forms an important ingredient in the diet of many people in the world. The quality of palm oil is mostly determined by the following parameters: Free Fatty Acid (FFA) content, Iodine Value (IV), Peroxide Value (PV), Moisture Content, Saponification Value (SV) and Impurity Content. The crude and degummed palm oil results were, respectively, (a) acid value (mg KOH/g) from 2.79 ± 0.21 and 4.31 ± 0.06, (b) peroxide value (mEq/kg) of 3.82 ± 0.03 and 1.91 ± 0.01, (c) iodine value (g I2/100 g) of 50.01 ± 2.33 and 45.96 ±1.09, (d) saponification value (mg KOH/g) of 199.57 ± 4.20 and 174.85 ± 26.66, (e) reflective index (40°C) of 1.4578 ± 0.00 and 1.4588 ± 0.00, and (f) total carotenoids (μg/g) of 668.81 ± 0.01 and 638.14 ± 0.03. Crude palm oil presented an ash content of 0.03 ± 0.00% and humidity of 0.28 ± 0.04% (m/m). The ash and humidity contents of degummed palm oil were not determined. Density and rheological behavior were evaluated for both crude and degummed palm oil. All the parameters investigated had values within the standards. The liquid-liquid extraction at temperatures of 40, 45, and 50 °C. First, studies were conducted to evaluate the phase-forming capability and extraction performance of low-toxicity, low-cost, and environmentally friendly organic solvents. According to the screening results and the good performance of palm carotene extraction with high distribution coefficients, ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide were the best solvents for extraction, followed by acetic acid with less effective extraction. The density-based solvation behavior effectively explained the affinity of carotene for the solvent mixture and the tendency of biphasic system formation. The total carotenoid extraction increased with increasing temperature, with 50 °C having the highest extraction, followed by 45 and 40 °C. Equilibrium data for a system composed of palm oil + anhydrous ethanol + DMSO at temperatures ranging from 40, 45, and 50 °C. Using the method developed by Merchuk et al. (1998). Cloud point determination was used to generate experimental binodal curves, showing a decrease in the biphasic region with increasing temperature. The rise in temperature within the experimental ranges enhanced oil solvent miscibility in both stages, according to the findings. Keywords: Palm oil. Liquid- liquid equilibrium. Carotenoids. Solvent.